The Klingon Dictionary (2nd edition)

Marc Okrand, 1992

            Published: New York: Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster Inc.

            [2000] Charset: ISO-5589-1, OCR-scanned from original.

            [2000-10-19] Changed some commas (found with `grep ", [A-Z]"') to periods.

            [2000-11-01] Added the Klingon-English dictionary section & front/back cover.

            [2000-11-06] Added the English-Klingon dictionary section.

            [20020116] Changed some minor spelling errors.

            ]]

            [[front cover]]

            Including New Material from

            STAR TREK

            THE NEXT GENERATION® and STAR TREK VI!

            STAR TREK

            THE OFFICIAL GUIDE TO KLINGON

            WORDS AND PHRASES

            By MARC OKRAND

            THE

            KLINGON

            DICTIONARY

            ENGLISH/KLINGON

            KLINGON/ENGLISH

            [[inside front cover]]

            0 76714 01000 0 74559

            ISBN 0-671-74559-X

            [[p.1]]

            {Learn to Speak Klingon Like a Native

            with Easy Phrases Like:}

            What do you want? ---nuqneH

            (greeting) (pronounced nook-NEKH)

            That is unfortunate. ---Do'Ha'

            (pronounced do-KHA)

            I don't understand. ---jIyajbe'

            (pronounced ji-YAJ-be)

            It's not my fault. ---pIch vIghajbe'

            (pronounced pich vi-ghaj-BE)

            Beam me aboard! ---HIjol

            (pronounced khi-JOL)[[p.2]]

            Most Pocket Books are available at special quantity discounts for bulk purchases for sales promotions, pre-miums or fund raising. Special books or book excerpts can also be created to fit specific needs.

            For details write the office of the Vice President of Special Markets, Pocket Books, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10020.[[p.3]]

THE KLINGON DICTIONARY

ENGLISH/KLINGON

KLINGON/ENGLISH

By MARC OKRAND

            Based on the Klingon language in

            STAR TREK® and

            STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION®

            POCKET BOOKS

            New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore[[p.4]]

            The sale of this book without its cover is unauthorized. If you purchased this book without a cover, you should be aware that it was reported to the publisher as `ùnsold and destroyed.'' Neither the author nor the publisher has received payment for the sale of this ``stripped book.''

            This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places and incidents are either products of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual events or locales or persons, living or dead, is entirely coincidental.

            An <Original> publication of Pocket Books POCKET BOOKS, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc.

            1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020

            Copyright © 1985 by Paramount Pictures

            Addendum copyright © 1992 by Paramount Pictures. All rights reserved.

            STAR TREK is a Registered Trademark of Paramount Pictures.

            This book is published by Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc. under exclusive license from Paramount Pictures.

            All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.

            For information address Pocket Books, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020

            ISBN: 0-671-74559-X

            First Pocket Books trade paperback printing January 1992

            14 13 12 11 10 9 8

            POCKET and colophon are registered trademarks of Simon & Schuster Inc,

            Printed in the U.S.A.[[p.5]]

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1. THE SOUNDS OF KLINGON

2. GRAMMATICAL SKETCH---INTRODUCTION

3. NOUNS

4. VERBS

5. OTHER KINDS OF WORDS

6. SYNTAX

7. CLIPPED KLINGON

DICTIONARY[[p.77]]

KLINGON-ENGLISH

ENGLISH-KLINGON

KLINGON AFFIXES

APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION TO THE

ADDENDUM

INTRODUCTION

            Klingon is the official language of the Klingon Empire. For a long time, only a few non-Klingons were able to learn enough about the language to engage in a meaningful conversation with a Klingon. Recently, however, under the auspices of the Federation Scientific Research Council, a study has been undertaken to record and analyze the language and culture of the Klingons, with the ultimate goal of preparing an encyclo-pedia, as well as teaching materials. This dictionary represents the initial results of that effort.

            The dictionary is divided into two main parts: grammatical sketch and dictionary proper.

            The grammatical sketch is intended to be an outline of Klingon grammar, not a complete description. Nevertheless, it should allow the reader to put Klingon words together in an acceptable manner. Many of the rules given in the grammatical sketch are those set down by Klingon grammarians. It should be remembered that even though the rules say `àl-ways'' and ``never,'' when Klingon is actually spoken these rules are sometimes broken. What the rules represent, in other words, is what Klingon grammarians agree on as thè`best'' Klingon.

            Because research is not yet completed, this dictionary is of necessity somewhat limited in scope. There are certainly more Klingon words than those listed here. Three groups of[[p.10]]

            words in particular are, for the most part, unrepresented: scientific terminology; words for native tools, customs, flora, and fauna; and vocabulary dealing with food. Terms associat-ed with the various sciences are the subject of a special study, and a report is currently being prepared. Klingon words for traditional tools and long-standing customs are difficult to translate into English. Native plants and animals are likewise difficult to comprehend at the present time. Such matters will be fully elucidated in the forthcoming <Klingon Encyclopedia.> Food words are missing due to limited resources: there have been problems recruiting staff interested in studying Klingon eating habits. Until that study is under way, it was thought inappropriate to present a list of words whose meanings are not properly understood.

            As more data are gathered the list of words will undoubtedly grow. Even at this early stage, however, some patterns are emerging. For example, there are no words for greetings, such as <hello, how are you, good morning,> and so on. It seems apparent that such words and phrases simply do not exist in Klingon. When two Klingons meet each other (except in cases where military protocol determines behavior), if anything of an introductory nature is said, it is an expression that can best be translated as <What do you want?> Unlike most speakers of English, who begin conversations with greetings, inquiries about the state of health of the conversants, and remarks about the weather, Klingons tend to begin conversations by simply stating the main points.

            Although Klingons are proud of their language and frequently engage in long discussions about its expressiveness and beauty, they have found it impractical for communication outside the Klingon Empire. For intra- and intergalactic communication, the Klingon government, along with most other governments, has accepted English as the lingua franca.

            In general, only those Klingons of the upper classes (which include higher-level governmental and military officials) learn English. As a result, English has taken on two additional functions in Klingon society. First, it is used as a symbol of rank or status. Those Klingons who know English will use it among themselves to show off their erudition and make their place in society known to all who happen to be listening.

            Second, English is used when it is thought best to keep[[p.11]]

            servants, soldiers, or even the general populace uninformed.

            Thus, on a Klingon vessel, the commanding officer will often speak Klingon when giving orders to his crew, but choose English when having discussions with his officers. On the other hand, a Klingon officer may use Klingon in the presence of non-Klingons to prevent them from knowing what is going on. This use of Klingon seems to be quite effective.

            There are a number of dialects of Klingon. Only one of the dialects, that of the current Klingon emperor, is represented in this dictionary. When a Klingon emperor is replaced, for whatever reason, it has historically been the case that the next emperor speaks a different dialect. As a result, the new emperor's dialect becomes the official dialect. Those Klingons who do not speak the official dialect are considered either stupid or subversive, and are usually forced to undertake tasks that speakers of the official dialect find distasteful. Most Klingons try to be fluent in several dialects.

            Some dialects differ only slightly from the dialect of this dictionary. Differences tend to be in vocabulary (the word for

            <forehead,> for example, is different in almost every dialect) and in the pronunciation of a few sounds. On the other hand, some dialects differ significantly from the current official dialect, so much so that speakers of these dialects have a great deal of difficulty communicating with current Klingon official-dom. The student of Klingon is warned to check into the political situation of the Klingon Empire before trying to talk.

            There is a native writing system for Klingon (called {pIqaD}) which seems to be well suited to the various dialects. This writing system is not yet well understood and is, therefore, not used in this dictionary. Instead, a transcription system based on the English alphabet has been devised. An article is being prepared for the <Klingon Encyclopedia> which will explain the details of {pIqaD.}

            In the grammatical sketch portion of this dictionary, as a notational convention, Klingon will be written in boldface type, and English translations will be written in italics:

            {tlhIngan} <Klingon.>

            The author would like to thank the Scientific Research Council for making funds available to carry out this research, as well as various members of the Federation Interlanguage[[p.12]]

            Institute who were quite helpful in criticizing earlier drafts of the dictionary. The author apologizes for any mistakes, and sincerely hopes that none of them leads to any unfortunate misunderstandings.

            Finally, a great deal of credit must be given to the Klingon informant who provided all of the data upon which this dictionary is based. Although a prisoner of the Federation, he worked long, hard hours to make his knowledge available to citizens of the Federation. Maltz, we thank you.[[p.13]]

          1. THE SOUNDS OF KLINGON

            It is difficult to describe accurately the sounds of the Klingon language without using complex phonological and anatomical terminology. What follows, therefore, is intended to give only a guide to pronunciation. The best way to learn to pronounce Klingon with no trace of a Terran or other accent is to become friends with a group of Klingons and spend a great deal of time socializing with them. Very few non-Klingons speak Klingon without an accent.

            The system of writing Klingon used in this dictionary has been developed so people who already know how to read English will have a minimum of difficulty approximating the sounds of Klingon words and sentences.

            1.1. Consonants

            {b} As in English <bronchitis> or <gazebo.> Some Klingons pronounce this sound as if it were {m} and {b} articulated almost simultaneously. Speakers of English can approximate this sound by saying <imbalance> without the initial <i> sound.

            A very small number of Klingons pronounce {b} as if it were {m.}

            {ch} As in English <chew> or <artichoke.>

            {D} This sound is close to English <d> in <dream> or <android,> but it is not quite the same. The English <d> sound is made by[[p.14]]

            touching the tip of the tongue to that part of the roof of the mouth just behind the upper teeth. Klingon {D} can best be approximated by English-speakers by touching the tip of the tongue to the roof of the mouth at a point about halfway between the teeth and the velum (or soft palate), that part of the roof of the mouth that is rather gooshy. As with Klingon

            {b,} some speakers pronounce {D} as if it were more like <nd,> and a distinct minority as if it were {n}---but, of course, with the tongue in the same position as for {D.}

            {gh} This is not like anything in English. It can be produced by putting the tongue in the same position it would be in to say English <g> as in <gobble,> but relaxing the tongue somewhat and humming. It is the same as Klingon {H} (see below), but with the vocal cords vibrating at the same time.

            {H} This is also not like anything in English, but it is just like

            <ch> in the name of the German composer <Bach> or in the Yiddish toast <l'chaim,> or the <j> in the Mexican city of <Tijuana> in <Baja California.> It is produced in the same way as Klingon

            {gh,} but is articulated with a very coarse, strong rasp. Unlike Klingon {gh,} the vocal cords do not vibrate in saying Klingon

            {H.}

            {j} As in English <junk;> never ever as in French <jour.>

            {l} As in English <lunge> or <alchemy.>

            {m} As in English <mud> or <pneumatic.> Those few Klingons who pronounce {b} as {m} would say Klingon {baH} <fire (a torpedo)> and {maH} <we> the same way, and have to memorize which word is spelled which way.

            {n} As in English <nectarine> or <sunspot.> Those Klingons who pronounce {D} more like {n} can easily articulate and hear the two sounds differently. Even a {D} that sounds like {n} is pronounced with the tongue in the Klingon {D} position, not in the English <d> position. Klingon {n} is produced with the tongue in the same position as English <d.>

            {ng} As in English <furlong;> never as in English <engulf.> The <g> is never pronounced as a separate sound. This sound never occurs at the beginning of an English word, but it does come at the beginning of a number of Klingon words. English-[[keep hyphen]]

            speakers may practice making this sound at the beginning of a word by saying English <dang it!,> then saying it again without the <da.>

            {p} As in English <parallax> or <opprobrium.> It is always[[p.15]]

            articulated with a strong puff or pop, never laxly. Speakers of English may want to exercise care to avoid discharging saliva while articulating this sound. It should be noted, however, that Klingons do not worry about this.

            {q} Similar to English <k> in <kumquat,> but not quite that. The tongue position for English <k> is like that for Klingon {gh} and

            {H.} To produce Klingon {q,} the main body of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth at a point farther back than it does for {gh} or {H.} Indeed, the tongue reaches for or touches the uvula (the meshy blob that dangles down from the back of the roof of the mouth), so articulating {q} approximates the sound of choking. The sound is usually accompanied by a slight puff of air. English speakers are reminded that Klingon

            {q} is never pronounced <kw> as in the beginning of English

            <quagmire.>

            {Q} This is like nothing particularly noteworthy in English.

            It is an overdone Klingon {q.} It is identical to {q} except that it is very guttural and raspy and strongly articulated, somewhat like a blend of Klingon {q} and {H.}

            {r} This is not like the <r> in American English, but it does resemble the <r> in some dialects of British English, as well as the <r> in many languages of Europe. It is lightly trilled or rolled.

            {S} This sound is halfway between English <s> and <sh,> as in

            <syringe> and <shuttlecock.> It is made with the tip of the tongue reaching toward that part of the roof of the mouth which it touches to produce Klingon {D.}

            {t} As in English <tarpaulin> or <critique.> It differs from Klingon {D} in two ways: (1) like {p,} it is accompanied by a puff of air; and (2) the tongue touches a position on the roof of the mouth farther forward than that for {D.}

            {tlh} This sound does not occur in English, but it is very much like the final sound in <tetl,> the Aztec word for <egg,> if properly pronounced. To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue touches the same part of the roof of the mouth it touches for {t,} the sides of the tongue are lowered away from the side upper teeth, and air is forced through the space on both sides between tongue and teeth. The sound is produced with a great deal of friction, and the warning given in the description of Klingon {p} might be aptly repeated here.

            {v} As in English vulgar or demonstrative.[[p.16]]

            {w} Usually as in English <worrywart> or <cow.> On rare occa-sions, especially if the speaker is being rather deliberate, it is pronounced strongly, more like {Hw} or even {Huw.}

            {y} As in English <yodel> or <joy.>

            {'} The apostrophe indicates a sound which is frequently uttered, but not written, in English. It is a glottal stop, the slight catch in the throat between the two syllables of <uh-oh> or

            <unh-unh,> meaning ``no.'' When Klingon {'} comes at the end of a word, the vowel preceding the {'} is often repeated in a very soft whisper, as if an echo. Thus, Klingon {je'} <feed> almost sounds like {je'e,} where the articulation of the first {e} is abruptly cut off by the {',} and the second {e} is a barely audible whisper. When {'} follows {w} or {y} at the end of a word, there is often a whispered, echoed {u} or {I,} respectively. Occasionally the echo is quite audible, with a guttural sound like {gh}

            preceding the echoed vowel. For example, {yIlI'} <transmit it!> can sound more like {yIlI'ghI.} This extra-heavy echo is heard most often when the speaker is particularly excited or angry.

            1.2. Vowels

            There are five vowels in Klingon.

            {a} As in English <psalm;> never as in American English

            <crabapple.>

            {e} As in English <sensor.>

            {I} As English <i> in <misfit.> Once in a while, it is pronounced like <i> in <zucchini,> but this is very rare and it is not yet known exactly what circumstances account for it,

            {o} As in English <mosaic.>

            {u} As in English <gnu> or <prune;> never as in <but> or <cute.> Note that when a vowel is followed by {w} or {y,} the combination of letters may not represent the same sound it does in English spelling:

            KLINGON RHYMES WITH ENGLISH AS IN

            {aw} <ow> <cow>

            {ay} <y> <cry>

            {ey} <ay> <pay>[[p.17]]

            {Iy} <ey> <key>

            {oy} <oy> <toy> Klingon {uy} resembles <ooey> in English <gooey.> Klingon {ew}

            resembles nothing in English, but can be approximated by running Klingon {e} and {u} together. Likewise, Klingon {Iw} is {I}

            and {u} run together. No words in Klingon have {ow} or {uw.} If they did, they would be indistinguishable from words ending in {o} and {u,} respectively.

            1.3. Stress

            Each Klingon word of more than one syllable normally contains one stressed (or accented) syllable. The stressed syllable is pronounced at a slightly higher pitch and with a little more force than the nonstressed syllable(s).

            In a verb, the stressed syllable is usually the verb itself, as opposed to any prefix or suffix. If, however, a suffix ending with {'} is separated from the verb by at least one other suffix, both the verb and the suffix ending in {'} are stressed. In addition, if the meaning of any particular suffix is to be emphasized, the stress may shift to that syllable. Suffixes indicating negation or emphasis (section 4.3) are frequently stressed, as is the interrogative suffix (section 4.2.9).

            In a noun, the stressed syllable is usually the syllable right before the first noun suffix, or the final syllable if there is no suffix. If, however, a syllable ending in {'} is present, it is usually stressed instead. If there are two syllables in a row

            {'} both ending in {',} both are equally stressed.

            Finally, it should be noted that there are some words which seem to have variable stress patterns, with the stress sometimes heard on one syllable and sometimes on another. This phenomenon is not yet understood. The rules given above do not account for this variability, but if they are followed, stress will wind up on acceptable syllables.

            In the system used to transcribe Klingon in this dictionary, stress is not indicated.[[p.18]]

2. GRAMMATICAL SKETCH---INTRODUCTION

            It is not possible, in a brief guide such as this, to describe the grammar of Klingon completely. What follows is only a sketch or outline of Klingon grammar. Although a good many of the fine points are not covered, the sketch will allow the student of Klingon to figure out what a Klingon is saying and to respond in an intelligible, though somewhat brutish, manner. Most Klingons will never know the difference.

            There are three basic parts of speech in Klingon: <noun,>

            <verb,> and <everything else.>[[p.19]]

3. NOUNS

            There are various types of nouns in Klingon.

            3.1. Simple nouns

            Simple nouns, like simple nouns in English, are simple words; for example, {DoS} <target> or {QIH} <destruction.> 3.2. Complex nouns

            Complex nouns, on the other hand, are made up of more than one part.

            3.2.1. Compound nouns

            Compound nouns consist of two or three nouns in a row, much like English <earthworm> (<earth> plus <worm>) or <password> (<pass> plus <word>). For example, {jolpa'} <transportroom> consists of {jol} <transport beam> plus {pa'} <room.> 3.2.2. Verb plus -wI'

            A second type of complex noun consists of a verb followed by a suffix meaning one who does or thing which does. The English suffix <-er> (as in <builder> `òne who builds'' or <toaster>

            ``thing which toasts'') is a rough equivalent. In Klingon, the[[p.20]]

            suffix is {-wI'.} It occurs, for example, in {baHwI'} <gunner,> which consists of the verb {baH} <fire (a torpedo)> plus {-wI'} <one who does.> Thus, {baHwI'} is literally `òne who fires [a torpedo].''

            Similarly, {So'wI'} <cloaking device> comes from the verb {So'}

            <cloak> plus {-wI'} <thing which does.> {So'wI'} is à`thing which cloaks.''

            A noun formed by adding {-wI'} to a verb is a regular noun, so it may be used along with another noun to form a compound noun. For example, {tIjwI'ghom} <boarding party> comes from {tIjwI'} <boarder> plus {ghom} <group;> and {tIjwI'} comes from {tIj} <board> plus {-wI'.}

            3.2.3. Other complex nouns

            There are a good many nouns in Klingon which are two or, less frequently, three syllables long, but which are not complex nouns of the types described above. These nouns probably at one time were formed by combining simple nouns, but one or all of the nouns forming the complex noun are no longer in use, so it is not possible (without extensive etymological research) to know what the individual pieces mean.

            For example, {'ejDo'} means <starship.> The syllable {'ej} also occurs in {'ejyo'} <Starfleet.> There are, however, no known Klingon words {'ej, Do',} or {yo'} that have anything to do with Starfleet, starships, the Federation, or space vehicles of any kind. It is quite likely that {Do'} is an Old Klingon word for space vessel (the modern Klingon word is {Duj}) that is used nowhere except in the noun {'ejDo'.} Of course, without further study, that remains pure conjecture.

            3.3. Suffixes

            All nouns, whether simple or complex, may be followed by one or more suffixes. If there are two or more suffixes, the suffixes must occur in a specific order. Suffixes may be classified on the basis of their relative order after the noun.

            There are five types of suffixes (which, for convenience, will be numbered 1 through 5). Suffixes of Type 1 come right after the noun; suffixes of Type 2 come after those of Type 1; suffixes of Type 5 come last. This may be illustrated as follows:[[p.21]]

            NOUN--1--2--3--4--5

            Of course, if no suffix of Type 1 is used but a suffix of Type 2 is used, the Type 2 suffix comes right after the noun. If a suffix of Type 5 is the only suffix used, it comes right after the noun.

            Only when two or more suffixes are used does their order become apparent.

            There are at least two suffixes in each suffix type. Only one suffix of each type may be used at a time. That is, a noun cannot be followed by, for example, two or three Type 4

            suffixes.

            The members of each suffix type are as follows.

            3.3.1. Type 1: Augmentative/diminutive

            {-'a'} augmentative

            This suffix indicates that what the noun refers to is bigger, more important, or more powerful than it would be without the suffix.

            {SuS} <wind, breeze> {SuS'a'} <strong wind>

            {Qagh} <mistake> {Qagh'a'} <major blunder>

            {woQ} <power> {woQ'a'} <ultimate power>

            {-Hom} diminutive

            This is the opposite of the augmentative suffix. It indicates that what the noun refers to is smaller, less important, or less powerful than it would be without the suffix.

            {SuS} <wind, breeze> {SuSHom} <wisp of air>

            {roj} <peace> {rojHom} <truce, temporary peace> 3.3.2. Type 2: Number

            As in English, a singular noun in Klingon has no specific suffix indicating that it is singular: {nuH} <weapon> refers to a single weapon of any type. Unlike English, however, the lack of a specific suffix for plural does not always indicate that the noun is singular. In Klingon, a noun without a plural suffix may still refer to more than one entity The. plurality is indicated by a[[p.22]]

            pronoun, whether a verb prefix (see section 4.1) or a full word (section 5.1), or by context. For example, {yaS} officer may refer to a single officer or to a group of officers, depending on other words in the sentence or the context of the discussion.

            Compare:

            {yaS vImojpu'} <I became an officer.>

            {yaS DImojpu'} <We became officers.>

            {yaS jIH} <I am an officer.>

            {yaS maH} <We are officers.>

            In the first pair of sentences, the only difference is the verb prefix (here only partially described; see section 4.1): {vI-} <I,>

            {DI-} <we.> In the second pair, the pronouns are different: {jIH} <I,>

            {maH} <we.>

            Under certain circumstances, the only way to know whether the noun refers to one or more than one entity is by context. Thus, {yaS mojpu'} can be translated either <he/she became an officer> or <they became officers.> Those taking part in any discussion in which this sentence is used would presumably already know whom is being talked about, so they would also know whether he or she or they is the correct meaning.

            Fortunately for students of Klingon, it is never incorrect to add a plural suffix to a noun referring to more than one entity, even in those cases where it is unnecessary to do so. Accordingly, both {yaS maH} and {yaSpu' maH} are correct, both meaning <we are officers> ({-pu'} is a plural suffix). On the other hand, a plural suffix cannot be added to a noun referring to only one thing, even if pronouns are present in the sentence.

            In Klingon, {yaSpu' jIH} <I am officers> is as incorrect as its English translation.

            There are three different plural suffixes in Klingon.

            {-pu'} <plural for beings capable of using language> This suffix can be used to indicate plurality for Klingons, Terrans, Romulans, Vulcans, and so on, but not for lower animals of any kind, plants, inanimate objects, electromag-netic or other beams or waves, etc.[[p.23]]

            {yaS} <officer> {yaSpu'} <officers>

            {Duy} <emissary> {Duypu'} <emissaries>

            {-Du'} <plural for body parts>

            This suffix is used when referring to body parts of those beings capable of using language as well as of any other animal.

            {qam} <foot> {qamDu'} <feet>

            {tlhon} <nostril> {tlhonDu'} <nostrils>

            {-mey} <plural, general usage>

            This suffix is used to mark the plural of any noun.

            {mID} <colony> {mIDmey} <colonies>

            {yuQ} <planet> {yuQmey} <planets> It can also be used with nouns referring to beings capable of using language (those nouns which take {-pu'}). When it is so used, it adds a notion of ``scattered all about'' to the meaning.

            Compare:

            {puq} <child>

            {puqpu'} <children>

            {puqmey} <children all over the place> The suffix {-mey} cannot be used with body parts. It should be noted, however, that Klingon poets often violate this grammatical rule in order to evoke particular moods in their poetry. Thus, forms such as {tlhonmey} <nostrils scattered all about> do occur. Until the subtle nuances of such constructions are firmly grasped, however, it is suggested that students of Klingon stick to the rules.

            Finally, some nouns in Klingon are inherently or always plural in meaning, and therefore never take plural suffixes.

            {ray'} <targets>[[p.24]]

            {cha} <torpedoes>

            {chuyDaH} <thrusters>

            The singular counterparts of such words are utterly distinct:

            {DoS} <target>

            {peng} <torpedo>

            {vIj} <thruster>

            The singular forms may take the {-mey} suffix, but the meaning always carries thè`scattered all about'' connotation:

            {DoSmey} <targets scattered all about>

            {pengmey} <torpedoes all over the place> Inherently plural nouns are treated grammatically as singular nouns in that singular pronouns are used to refer to them (sections 4.1, 5.1). For example, in the sentence {cha yIghuS}

            <Stand by torpedoes!> or <Get the torpedoes ready to be fired!> the verb prefix {yI-,} an imperative prefix used for singular objects, must be used even though the object ({cha} <torpedoes>) has a plural meaning.

            3.3.3. Type 3: Qualification

            Suffixes of this type indicate the speaker's attitude toward the noun, or how sure the speaker is that the noun is being used appropriately.

            {-qoq} <so-called>

            This suffix indicates that the noun is being used in a false or ironic fashion. Saying {rojqoq} <so-called peace,> rather than simply {roj} <peace,> indicates that the speaker does not really believe that peace is legitimate or likely to endure.

            {-Hey} <apparent>

            This suffix indicates that the speaker is pretty sure the object referred to by the noun is accurately described by the noun, but has some doubts. For example, if the scanner on a Klingon ship senses an object, and the officer reporting the presence of this object assumes, but is not yet sure, that the object is a vessel, he will probably refer to the object as

            {DujHey} <an apparent vessel,> rather than simply {Duj} <vessel.>

            [[p.25]]

            {-na'} <definite>

            This is the counterpart of {-Hey.} It indicates that there is no doubt in the speaker's mind as to the accuracy of his or her choice of words. Once the Klingon officer referred to above is sure that the object the scanner has found is a vessel, he might report the presence of {Dujna'} <a definite vessel, undoubtedly a vessel.>

            3.3.4. Type 4: Possession/specification

            Type 4 is the largest class of noun suffixes. It consists of all the possessive suffixes, plus suffixes which can be translated as English <this> and <that.>

            The possessive suffixes are:

            {-wIj} <my> {-maj} <our>

            {-lIj} <your> {-raj} <your (plural)>

            {-Daj} <his, her, its> {-chaj} <their> Thus, {juH} <home> occurs in {juHwIj} <my home,> {juHlIj} <your home,> {juHchaj} <their home,> etc.

            When the noun being possessed refers to a being capable of using language, a special set of suffixes is used for first- and second-person possessors:

            {-wI'} <my> {-ma'} <our>

            {-lI'} <your> {-ra'} <your (plural)> These suffixes occur in, for example, {joHwI'} <my lord> and

            {puqlI'} <your child.> It is grammatically correct to use the regular possessive suffixes with nouns referring to beings capable of speech (as in {puqlIj} <your child>), but such constructions are considered derogatory; {joHwIj} for <my lord> borders on the taboo. Students of Klingon should bear this in mind.

            To indicate that one noun is the possessor of another noun (e.g., <enemy's weapon>), no suffix is used. Instead, the two nouns are said in the order possessor-possessed: {jagh nuH}

            <enemy's weapon> (literally, <enemy weapon>). This construction is also used for phrases translated by <of the> in English, such as

            <weapon of the enemy.> (See also section 3.4.)[[p.26]]

            There are two suffixes indicating how close to the speaker the object referred to by the noun is.

            {-vam} <this>

            Like its English translation, this suffix indicates that the noun refers to an object which is nearby or which is the topic of the conversation.

            {nuHvam} <this weapon (near me as I speak)>

            {yuQvam} <this planet (that we've been talking about)> When used with a plural noun (one with a plural suffix or an inherently plural noun), {-vam} is translated <these.>

            {nuHmeyvam} <these weapons>

            {-vetlh} <that>

            This suffix indicates that the noun refers to an object which is not nearby or which is being brought up again as the topic of conversation.

            {nuHvetlh} <that weapon (over there)>

            {yuQvetlh} <that planet (as opposed to the one we were just talking about)>

            When used with a plural noun, {-vetlh} is translated <those:>

            {nuHmeyvetlh} <those weapons>

            There is no Klingon equivalent for English <a, an, the.> In translating from Klingon to English, one must use context as a guide to when to use <a> or <an> and when <the.> In this book, <a> or

            <an> and <the> are used in translations to make the English sound more natural.

            3.3.5. Type 5: Syntactic markers

            These suffixes indicate something about the function of the noun in the sentence. As in English, subjects and objects are normally indicated by the position of the noun or nouns in the sentence. The following two English sentences have the same words, but the sentences have different meanings due to the order of the words:

            <Dogs chase cats.>

            <Cats chase dogs.>[[p.27]]

            Subjects and objects in Klingon are likewise indicated by word order. This is described in section 6.1.

            In other instances, English indicates the function of nouns in a sentence by adding words, particularly prepositions. In the following English sentence, the word <around> before

            <canaries> indicates that the canaries are neither chasing nor being chased:

            <Dogs chase cats around canaries.>

            Similarly, in Klingon, nouns which indicate something other than subject or object usually must have some special indication of exactly what their function is. Unlike English, this is accomplished by using suffixes.

            {-Daq} <locative>

            This suffix indicates that something is happening (or has happened or will happen) in the vicinity of the noun to which it is attached. It is normally translated by an English preposition: <to, in, at, on.> The exact translation is determined by the meaning of the whole sentence. For example, {pa'Daq} is {pa'}

            <room> plus the suffix {-Daq.} It may occur in sentences such as the following:

            {pa'Daq jIHtaH} <I'm in the room.>

            {pa'Daq yIjaH} <Go to the room.>

            In the first sentence, {jIH} <I> is used in the sense of <I am> (see section 6.3), so <in> is the most reasonable translation of {-Daq.}

            In the second sentence, the verb is {jaH} <go,> so <to> makes the most sense as a translation of {-Daq.} An English preposition need not be part of the translation. Klingon {Dung} means <area above,> and {DungDaq} is <overhead,> literally something likèàt the area above.'' For further discussion on prepositional concepts, see section 3.4.

            It is worth noting at this point that the concepts expressed by the English adverbs <here, there,> and <everywhere> are expressed by nouns in Klingon: {naDev} <hereabouts,> {pa'} <thereabouts,> {Dat} <everywhere.> These words may perhaps be translated more literally as `àrea around here,'' `àrea over there,''

            and `àll places,'' respectively. Unlike other nouns, these three words are never followed by the locative suffix. (Note[[p.28]]

            that {pa'} <thereabouts> and {pa'} <room> are identical in sound;

            {pa'Daq,} however, can mean only <in/to the room.>) There are a few verbs whose meanings include locative notions, such as {ghoS} <approach, proceed.> The locative suffix need not be used on nouns which are the objects of such verbs.

            {Duj ghoStaH} <It is approaching the ship.> ({Duj} <ship, vessel,> {ghoStaH} <it is approaching it>)

            {yuQ wIghoStaH} <We are proceeding toward the planet.> ({yuQ} <planet,> {vIghoStaH} <we are proceeding toward it>)

            If the locative suffix is used with such verbs, the resulting sentence is somewhat redundant, but not out-and-out wrong.

            {DujDaq ghoStaH} <It is approaching toward the ship.>

            {-vo'} <from>

            This suffix is similar to {-Daq} but is used only when action is in a direction away from the noun suffixed with {-vo'.}

            {pa'vo' yIjaH} <Leave the room!>

            A more literal translation of this sentence might bè`Go from the room.''

            {-mo'} <due to, because of>

            This suffix occurs in sentences such as:

            {SuSmo' joqtaH} <It is fluttering in the breeze.> The noun {SuSmo'} means <due to the breeze,> so the whole sentence is literally ``due to the breeze, it [a flag] is fluttering.''

            {-vaD} <for, intended for>

            This suffix indicates that the noun to which it is attached is in some way the beneficiary of the action, the person or thing for whom or for which the activity occurs.

            {Qu'vaD lI' De'vam} <This information is useful for the mission.>[[p.29]]

            The noun {Qu'vaD} means <for the mission,> and in this sentence

            {-vaD} indicates that the information is intended to be used somehow for the mission under discussion.

            {-'e'} <topic>

            This suffix emphasizes that the noun to which it is attached is the topic of the sentence. In English, this is frequently accomplished by stressing the noun (saying it emphatically) or by special syntactic constructions.

            {lujpu' jIH'e'} <I, and only I, have failed.>[[lujpu'=>jIlujpu']]

            <It is I who has failed.>

            {De''e' vItlhapnISpu'} <I needed to get the INFORMATION.>

            <It was the information (and not

            something else) that I needed.>

            Without the {'e',} these same sentences would have no noun[['e'=>-'e']]

            singled out for emphasis:

            {lujpu' jIH} <I have failed.>[[lujpu'=>jIlujpu']]

            {De' vItlhapnISpu'} <I needed to get the information.> For a further use of {-'e',} see section 6.3.

            3.3.6. Relative ordering of the suffixes

            As briefly illustrated in the discussion of {-vam} <this> and {-vetlh}

            <that> (section 3.3.4), when a noun is followed by more than one suffix, the suffixes must occur in the proper order, according to the classification just described. It is rare for a noun to be followed by five suffixes, but it does happen from time to time. Some examples of nouns with two or more suffixes follow. (Suffix types are indicated by numbers.)

            {QaghHommeyHeylIjmo'} <due to your apparent minor errors>

            {Qagh} (noun) <error>

            {-Hom} (1) <diminutive>

            {-mey} (2) <plural>

            {-Hey} (3) <apparent>

            {-lIj} (4) <your>

            {-mo'} (5) <due to>

            {pa'wIjDaq} <in my quarters>

            {pa'} (noun) <room>[[p.30]]

            {-wIj} (4) <my>

            {-Daq} (5) <locative>

            {Duypu'qoqchaj} <their so-called emissaries>

            {Duy} (noun) <emissary>

            {-pu'} (2) <plural>

            {-qoq} (3) <so-called>

            {-chaj} (4) <their>

            {qamDu'wIjDaq} <at my feet>

            {qam} (noun) <foot>

            {-Du'} (2) <plural>

            {-wIj} (4) <my>

            {-Daq} (5) <locative>

            {rojHom'e'} <the truce> (as topic)

            {roj} (noun) <peace>

            {-Hom} (1) <diminutive>

            {-'e'} (5) <topic>

            All examples of suffixes given so far show only simple nouns. Suffixes are attached to complex nouns (section 3.2) in exactly the same fashion.

            {DIvI'may'DujmeyDaq} <at/to the Federation battle cruisers>

            {DIvI'may'Duj} (noun) <Federation battlecruiser>

            {-mey} (2) <plural>

            {-Daq} (5) <locative>

            {baHwI'pu'vam} <these gunners>

            {baHwI'} (noun) <gunner>

            {-pu'} (2) <plural>

            {-vam} (4) <this>

            3.4. The noun-noun construction

            Some combinations of two (or more) nouns in a row are so common as to have become everyday words. These are the compound nouns (as discussed in section 3.2.1). In addition, it is possible to combine nouns in the manner of a compound noun to produce a new construct even if it is not a legitimate compound noun (``legitimate'' in the sense that it would be found in a dictionary).

            The translation of two nouns combined in this way, say[[p.31]]

            N1-N2 (that is, noun #1 followed by noun #2), would be <N2

            of the N1.> For example, {nuH} <weapon> and {pegh} <secret> combine to form {nuH pegh} <secret of the weapon.> An alternate translation would be <N1's N2,> in this case, <the weapon's secret.> As discussed in section 3.3.4, this is the Klingon possessive construction for a noun possessed by another noun.

            When the noun-noun construction is used, only the second noun can take syntactic suffixes (Type 5). Both nouns, however, may take suffixes of the other four types. For example:

            {nuHvam pegh} <secret of this weapon>

            {nuH} (noun) <weapon>

            {-vam} (4) <this>

            {pegh} (noun) <secret>

            {jaghpu' yuQmeyDaq} <at/to the enemies' planets>

            {jagh} (noun) <enemy>

            {-pu'} (2) <plural>

            {yuQ} (noun) <planet>

            {-mey} (2) <plural>

            {-Daq} (5) <locative>

            {puqwI' qamDu'} <my child's feet>

            {puq} (noun) <child>

            {-wI'} (4) <my>

            {qam} (noun) <foot>

            {-Du} (2) <plural>

            English prepositional phrases are also rendered in Klingon by this noun-noun construction. Prepositional concepts such as above and below are actually nouns in Klingon, best translated as `àrea above,'' `àrea below,'' etc. The locative suffix (section 3.3.5) follows the second noun. For example:

            {nagh DungDaq} <above the rock>

            {nagh} (noun) <rock>

            {Dung} (noun) <area above>

            {-Daq} (5) <locative>

            More literally, this is `àt the area above the rock'' or `àt the rock's above-area.''[[p.32]]

4. VERBS

            Klingon verbs are mostly monosyllabic forms which may be accompanied by several affixes. As with Klingon nouns, Klingon verbs may take suffixes falling into a number of types based on their relative position following the verb.

            There are nine types of verb suffixes. Unlike Klingon nouns, Klingon verbs may take prefixes. Thus, if suffix types are indicated as numbers, the structure of a Klingon verb is:

            PREFIX--VERB--1--2--3--4--5--6--7--8--9

            4.1. Pronominal prefixes

            Each Klingon verb begins with a single prefix that indicates who or what is performing the action described by the verb and, when relevant, who or what is the recipient of that action. In other words, Klingon verb prefixes indicate both the subject and the object of the sentence.

            4.1.1. Basic prefixes

            The basic set of prefixes can be presented in a chart. (In order to make the chart as clear as possible, some prefixes are repeated.)

            Note that both the subject and the object are combined[[p.33]]

            OBJECT none <me> <you> <him/> <us> <you> <them>

            <her/it> <(plural)>

            SUBJECT

            <I> {jI-} -- {qa-} {vI-} -- {Sa-} {vI-}

            <you> {bI-} {cho-} -- {Da-} {ju-} -- {Da-}

            <he/she/it> 0 {mu-} {Du-} 0 {nu-} {lI-} 0

            <we> {ma-} -- {pI-} {wI-} -- {re-} {DI-}

            <you (plural)> {Su-} {tu-} -- {bo-} {che-} -- {bo-}

            <they> 0 {mu-} {nI-} {lu-} {nu-} {lI-} 0

            into a single prefix. 0 in the chart means that the particular subject-object combinations are indicated by the absence of a prefix before the verb; -- in the chart notes subject-object combinations which cannot be expressed with the Klingon verb prefix system. For such meanings, suffixes (section 4.2.1) and/or pronouns (section 5.1) must be used.

            The prefixes in the first column of the chart (headed

            ``none'') are used when there is no object; that is, when the action of the verb affects only the subject (thè`doer''). The verb {Qong} <sleep> occurs with the pronominal prefixes as follows:

            {jIQong} <I sleep>

            {bIQong} <you sleep>

            {Qong} <he/she/it sleeps, they sleep>

            {maQong} <we sleep>

            {SuQong} <you (plural) sleep>

            In the case of {Qong} <he/she/it sleeps, they sleep,> the exact subject would be indicated elsewhere in the sentence or by context.

            This set of prefixes is also used when an object is possible, but unknown or vague. Thus, {jIyaj} <I understand> can be used[[p.34]]

            when the speaker understands things in general, knows what is going on, or understands what another speaker has just said. It cannot, however, be used for understanding a language or understanding a person. Similarly, {maSop} <we eat> can be used to indicate a general act of eating, but not if a specific food is mentioned.

            The remaining prefixes combine subject and object. Some of them are illustrated below, using the verb {legh} <see.>

            {qalegh} <I see you> {cholegh} <you see me>

            {vIlegh} <I see him/her/it/ {mulegh} <he/she/it sees me,> them> <they see me>

            {Salegh} <I see you (plural)> {tulegh} <you (plural) see me>

            {Dalegh} <you see him/her/ {Dulegh} <he/she/it sees you> it/them>

            {julegh} <you see us> {pIlegh} <we see you>

            {legh} <he/she/it sees {lulegh} <they see him/her/it> him/her/it/them,>

            <they see them>

            4.1.2 Imperative prefixes[[4.1.2=>4.1.2.]]

            A special set of prefixes is used for imperatives, that is, verbs giving commands. Commands can be given only to <you> or <you (plural).>

            OBJECT none <me> <him/her/it> <us> <them>

            <you> {yI-} {HI-} {yI-} {gho-} {tI-}

            <you (plural)> {pe-} {HI-} {yI-} {gho-} {tI-}

            Note that, with one exception, the identical prefix is used regardless of whether the command is being given to one or more than one person. The single exception is when a command is given but there is no object. In such cases, a special prefix {pe-} is used to give a command to several people.

            Examples of the imperative prefixes follow. Exclamation points in the translation indicate that it is a command.

            {yIQong} <sleep!> {peQong} <(you plural) sleep!>

            {HIqIp} <hit me!> {ghoqIp} <hit us!>[[p.35]]

            {yIqIp} <hit him/her/it!> {tIqIp} <hit them!> To indicate action directed against oneself in an imperative verb (e.g., <tell yourself>), the suffix {-egh} <oneself> is used along

            [[-egh=>-'egh]]

            with {yI-} or {pe-} (see section 4.2.1).

            4.1.3 Notational conventions[[4.1.3=>4.1.3.]]

            As a notational convention, prefixes indicating subject and object will be translated as <subject--object;> e.g., {qa-} <I--you,>

            {pI-} <we--them.> Imperative prefixes will be translated similarly, preceded by the word <imperative:> {tI-} <imperative: you--them.> Also, prefixes which can refer to male, female, inanimate, singular, and/or plural (e.g., {vI-} <I--him/her/it/them>) will be translated correctly, but usually without giving all the options (e.g., <I--him/her>). This convention will also be used when translating verbs containing these prefixes; e.g., {vIlegh} <I see him/her.>

            4.2. Verb suffixes

            There are nine types of verb suffixes.

            4.2.1. Type 1: Oneself/one another

            {-egh} <oneself>[[-egh=>-'egh]]

            This suffix is used to indicate that the action described by the verb affects the performer of the action, the subject. It is translated by English <self.> When this suffix is used, the prefix set indicating ``no object'' must also be used.

            {jIqIp'egh} <I hit myself> ({qIp} <hit>)

            {bIqIp'egh} <you hit yourself>

            {qIp'egh} <he/she hits himself/herself> It is also possible to use this suffix with imperative verbs.

            As with nonimperatives, the prefix indicating ``no object''

            must be used.

            {yIja''egh} <tell yourself!> ({ja'} <tell>)

            {peja''egh} <tell yourselves!>[[p.36]]

            {-chuq} <one another>

            This suffix is used only with plural subjects. It is translated

            <each other> or <one another.> The prefix set indicating ``no object'' is also used when this suffix is used.

            {maqIpchuq} <we hit each other> ({qIp} <hit>)

            {SuqIpchuq} <you (plural) hit each other>

            {qIpchuq} <they hit each other>

            {peqIpchuq} <hit each other!>

            4.2.2. Type 2: Volition/predisposition

            Suffixes of this type express how much choice the subject has about the action described or how predisposed the subject is to doing it.

            {-nIS} <need>

            {vIleghnIS} <I need to see him/her> ({legh} <see>)

            {bISopnIS} <you need to eat> ({Sop} <eat>)

            {-qang} <willing>

            {Heghqang} <he/she is willing to die> ({Hegh} <die>)

            {qaja'qang} <I am willing to tell you> ({ja'} <tell>)

            {-rup} <ready, prepared> (referring to beings)

            {Heghrup} <he/she is ready to die> ({Hegh} <die>)

            {qaleghrup} <I am ready to see you> ({legh} <see>)

            {nuja'rup} <they are prepared to tell us> ({ja'} <tell>)

            {-beH} <ready, set up> (referring to devices)

            {pojbeH} <(the device) is set up to analyze it> ({poj} <analyze>)

            {labbeH} <(the device) is ready to transmit data> ({lab}

            <transmit data>)

            There is, it should be noted, a verb {ghuS} which means <to be prepared to launch or project (something).> This verb never takes the suffix {-rup.} It is used primarily in reference to torpedoes---so much so that if the object is not specifically[[p.37]]

            stated, and context does not dictate otherwise, it is always assumed to be <torpedoes.> Accordingly, both of the following sentences mean <Be prepared to launch torpedoes!> or <Stand by on torpedoes!>

            {cha yIghuS} ({cha} <torpedoes>)

            {yIghuS}

            The verb {ghuS} can also be used in reference to, among other things, rockets, missiles, and various kinds of energy beams (which, like torpedoes, go from one point to another).

            It is also used to describe the action of pulling back the elastic band of a slingshot. In most other instances of preparedness, however, {-rup} is required.

            {-vIp} <afraid>

            {choHoHvIp} <you are afraid to kill me> ({HoH} <kill>)

            {muqIpvIp} <they are afraid to hit us> ({qIp} <hit>) This suffix is rarely used with a prefix meaning <I> or <we.> Though it is grammatically correct, it is culturally taboo.

            4.2.3. Type 3: Change

            Suffixes of this type indicate that the action described by the verb involves a change of some kind from the state of affairs that existed before the action took place.

            {-choH} <change in state, change in direction>

            {maDo'choH} <we are becoming lucky, we are undergoing a turn of luck> ({Do'} <be lucky>)

            {ghoSchoH} <he/she is beginning to go (somewhere)> ({ghoS} <go>)

            The implication of the second example is that he or she was going either nowhere or somewhere else sometime before the phrase was uttered. Note that the translation of this suffix may be English <become> or <begin to.>

            {-qa'} <resume>

            Using this suffix implies that an action had been taking place, then it stopped, and then it began again.

            {vInejqa'} <I am resuming the search, I am searching for[[p.38]]

            him/her again> ({nej} <search>)

            4.2.4. Type 4: Cause

            {-moH} <cause>

            Adding this suffix to a verb indicates that the subject is causing a change of condition or causing a new condition to come into existence.

            {tIjwI'ghom vIchenmoH} <I form a boarding party> ({tIjwI'ghom} <boarding party,>

            {chen} <take form, take shape>)

            This sentence might also be translated <I cause a boarding party to be formed.>

            {HIQoymoH} <let me hear (something)> ({Qoy} <hear>) More revealingly, this sentence could be translated <cause me to hear (something).> Note that this sentence would not be used in asking permission to hear; it is a direct command.

            Normally, the best English translation of a verb with {-moH}

            does not contain the word <cause.> For example, {chenmoH}

            <he/she makes, creates> could be translated <he/she causes to take shape> ({chen} <take form, take shape>), but this is an awkward English phrase.

            4.2.5. Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability

            The two suffixes of Type 5 have nothing much to do with each other except for both being Type 5. As a result, no verb occurs with both of these suffixes at the same time.

            {-lu'} <indefinite subject>

            This suffix is used to indicate that the subject is unknown, indefinite, and/or general. Since the subject is always the same (that is, it is always unstated), the pronominal prefixes (section 4.1.1) are used in a different way. Those prefixes which normally indicate first- or second-person subject and[[p.39]]

            third-person singular object ({vI-, Da-, wI-, bo-}) are used to indicate first- or second-person object. Thus, {vI-,} which normally means <I do something to him/her,> when in a verb with {-lu'} means <someone/something does something to me.> Similarly, the prefix {lu-,} which normally means <they do something to him/her,> becomes <someone/something does something to them.>

            {Daqawlu'} <someone/something remembers you> ({qaw} <remember>)

            {wIleghlu'} <someone/something sees us> ({legh} <see>)

            {Soplu'} <someone/something eats it> ({Sop} <eat>) Verbs with {-lu'} are often translated into the English passive voice.

            {Daqawlu'} <you are remembered>

            {wIleghlu'} <we are seen>

            {Soplu'} <it is eaten>

            When used with the verb {tu'} <find, observe> and a third-[[keep hyphen]]

            person singular subject pronoun (0), the resulting verb form

            {tu'lu'} <someone/something finds it> is often translated by English <there is.>

            {naDev puqpu' tu'lu'} <there are children around here, someone/something finds children

            here> ({naDev} <hereabouts,> {puqpu'}

            <children>)

            {-laH} <can, able>

            {jIQonglaH} <I can sleep> ({Qong} <sleep>)

            {choleghlaH} <you can see me> ({legh} <see>)

            {nuQaw'laH} <he/she can destroy us> ({Qaw'} <destroy>) 4.2.6. Type 6: Qualification

            Type 3 noun suffixes, these suffixes show how sure the speaker is about what is being said.[[p.40]]

            {-chu'} <clearly, perfectly>

            {jIyajchu'} <I understand clearly> ({yaj} <understand>)

            {baHchu'} <he/she fired (the torpedo) perfectly> ({baH} <fire [a torpedo]>)

            {-bej} <certainly, undoubtedly>

            {chImbej} <it is undoubtedly empty> ({chIm} <be empty>)

            {nuSeHbej} <he/she is certainly controlling us> ({SeH} <control>)

            {-law'} <seemingly, apparently>

            {chImlaw'} <it appears to be empty> ({chIm} <be empty>)

            {nuSeHlaw'} <he/she seems to be controlling us> ({SeH} <control>)

            This suffix expresses any uncertainty on the speaker's part and may even be thought of as meaning <I think> or <I suspect.> Thus, the previous two sentences could be translated <I think it's empty, I suspect that he/she is controlling us.> 4.2.7. Type 7: Aspect

            Klingon does not express tenses (past, present, future). These ideas come across from context or other words in the sentence (such as {wa'leS} <tomorrow>). The language does, however, indicate aspect: whether an action is completed or not yet completed, and whether an action is a single event or a continuing one.

            The absence of a Type 7 suffix usually means that the action is not completed and is not continuous (that is, it is not one of the things indicated by the Type 7 suffixes). Verbs with no Type 7 suffix are translated by the English simple present tense.

            {Dalegh} <you see him/her> ({legh} <see>)

            {qaja'} <I tell you> ({ja'} <tell>) When the context is appropriate, verbs without a Type 7

            suffix may be translated by the English future tense (<will>), but the real feeling of the Klingon is closer to English sentences such as <We fly tomorrow at dawn,> where the present-tense verb refers to an event in the future.[[p.41]]

            {-pu'} <perfective>

            This suffix indicates that an action is completed. It is often translated by the English present perfect (<have done something>).

            {Daleghpu'} <you have seen it> ({legh} <see>)

            {vIneHpu'} <I wanted them> ({neH} <want>)

            {qaja'pu'} <I told you> ({ja'} <tell>)

            {-ta'} <accomplished, done>

            This suffix is similar to {-pu',} but it is used when an activity was deliberately undertaken, the implication being that someone set out to do something and in fact did it. English translations seldom reveal the distinction.

            {vISuqta'} <I have acquired it> ({Suq} <get, acquire>)

            {luHoHta'} <they have killed him/her> ({HoH} <kill>) The second sentence above could not be used if the killing were the result of a general attack not intended to kill a specific person or if the killing were an accident. In such cases, {-pu'} would be used:

            {luHoHpu'} <they have killed him/her> The meaning of {-ta'} can also be indicated syntactically.

            That is, instead of using the suffix {-ta',} a special verbal construction can follow the verb which indicates the accomplished action. This special verb is {rIn} <be finished, accomplished,> and in this usage it always takes the suffix {-taH}

            <continuous> (see below) and the third-person pronominal prefix (0). The resulting construction, {rIntaH,} literally means

            <it continues to be finished> or <it remains accomplished.> It is used to indicate that the action denoted by the preceding verb is a fait accompli: it is done, and it cannot be undone.

            {luHoH rIntaH} <they have killed him/her> ({HoH} <kill>)

            {vIje' rIntaH} <I have purchased it> ({je'} <purchase>) The English translations of {rIntaH} and {-ta'} are usually the same. The notion of absolute finality implied by {rIntaH}

            seldom comes across.

            It should be noted that {rIntaH} is sometimes used for[[p.42]]

            dramatic effect, even in cases when the action could be undone.

            {-taH} <continuous>

            This suffix indicates that an action is ongoing.

            {nughoStaH} <it is approaching us> ({ghoS} <approach>)

            {yIghoStaH} <steady on course!, maintain this course!> ({ghoS} <go, approach, proceed on a course>) Both of the above sentences suggest a continuing activity.

            The meaning of {-taH} can be seen clearly by comparing the following two commands:

            {yIjun} <execute an evasive maneuver!>

            {yIjuntaH} <take evasive action!>

            In the first case, the maneuver is to be executed once only. In the second, a series of evasive maneuvers is to be executed

            ---the action is to be continuous.

            {-lI'} <in progress>

            This suffix is similar to {-taH} <continuous> in that it indicates that an activity is ongoing. Unlike {-taH,} however, {-lI'} implies that the activity has a known goal or a definite stopping point.

            In other words, it suggests that progress is being made toward that goal.

            {chollI'} <it is getting closer>

            ({chol} <get close, come near>)

            This word would be used for, i.e., a missile approaching a target, when it is known that the missile has been aimed at that target. If a missile is getting closer, but its intended destination is not known, {choltaH} (with {-taH} <continuous>) would be more appropriate.

            {vIlI'lI'} <I am transmitting (the data)> ({lI'} <transmit data to a place>)

            This word implies that data are in the process of being transmitted, but that there is a finite amount of data, so there will be a definite end to the transmission. The fact that the verb {lI'} and the suffix {-lI'} are identical in sound is purely coincidental, so far as can be determined.[[p.43]]

            The suffix {-taH} <continuous> can be used whether there is a know goal or not. {-lI',} on the other hand, can be used only when there is an implied goal. It is possible to consider {-lI'} a

            <continuous> counterpart of {-ta',} and {-taH} a <continuous> counterpart of {-pu'.}

            4.2.8. Type 8: Honorific

            {-neS} <honorific>

            There is but one suffix in this category. It is used to express extreme politeness or deference. It is used only in addressing a superior, someone of higher rank in the Klingon social, political, or military hierarchy. It is never required.

            {qaleghneS} <I am honored to see you> ({legh} <see>)

            {HIja'neS} <do me the honor of telling me> ({ja'} <tell>) This suffix is used rather infrequently by Klingons.

            4.2.9. Type 9: Syntactic markers

            Similar to Type 5 noun suffixes (section 3.3.5), these verb suffixes have to do with the verb's role in the sentence. The first six suffixes will be noted briefly here, but illustrated more completely in section 6.2.

            {-DI'} <as soon as, when>

            {DaSeHDI'} <as soon as you control if> ({SeH} <control>)

            {qara'DI'} <as soon as I command you> ({ra'} <command>)

            {-chugh} <if>

            {DaneHchugh} <if you want them> ({neH} <want>)

            {choja'chugh} <if you tell me> ({ja'} <tell>)

            {-pa'} <before>

            {choja'pa'} <before you tell me> ({ja'} <tell>)

            {qara'pa'} <before I command you> ({ra'} <command>)

            {-vIS} <while>

            This suffix is always used along with the Type 7 suffix

            {-taH} <continuous.>[[p.44]]

            {SutlhtaHvIS} <while they are negotiating> ({Sutlh} <negotiate>)

            {bIQongtaHvIS} <while you are sleeping> ({Qong} <sleep>)

            {-bogh} <which>

            This is the relative-clause marker. It is described in section 6.2.3.

            {-meH} <for>

            This marks purpose clauses. See section 6.2.4.

            {-'a'} <interrogative>

            This suffix indicates that the sentence is a yes/no question; that is, a question which can be answered ``yes'' or ``no.'' (See also section 6.4.).

            {cholegh'a'} <do you see me?> ({legh} <see>)

            {yaj'a'} <does he/she understand?> ({yaj} <understand>) Questions of other types require special question words (section 6.4).

            {-wI'} <one who does, thing which does> This is the suffix described earlier (section 3.2.2) which turns verbs into nouns.

            {So'wI'} <cloaking device> ({So'} <cloak, hide>)

            {baHwI'} <gunner> ({baH} <fire [a torpedo]>)

            {joqwI'} <flag> ({joq} <flutter, wave>) 4.2.10. Relative ordering of the suffixes

            As with nouns, when more than one suffix is used with a verb, they must occur in the correct order, according to their type.

            No more than one suffix of each type may occur at a time. No instances have been found of a verb followed by nine suffixes, but it is theoretically possible. A few examples should suffice to show ordering of the suffixes.

            {nuHotlhpu''a'} <have they scanned us?>

            {nu-} (prefix) <they--us>

            {Hotlh} (verb) <scan>[[p.45]]

            {-pu'} (7) <perfective>

            {-'a'} (9) <interrogative>

            {Qaw''eghpu'} <he/she destroyed himself/herself> 0 (prefix) <he/she>

            {Qaw'} (verb) <destroy>

            {-'egh} (1) <oneself>

            {-pu'} (7) <perfective>

            {wIchenmoHlaH} <we can create it>

            {wI-} (prefix) <we--it>

            {chen} (verb) <take form>

            {-moH} (4) <cause>

            {-laH} (5) <can, able>

            {Daqawlu'taH} <you are to be remembered>

            {Da-} (prefix) <you--him/her>

            {qaw} (verb) <remember>

            {-lu'} (5) <indefinite subject>

            {-taH} (7) <continuous>

            {vItlhapnISpu'} <I needed to take him/her>

            {vI-} (prefix) <I--him/her>

            {tlhap} (verb) <take>

            {-nIS} (2) <need>

            {-pu'} (7) <perfective>

            {HeghqangmoHlu'pu'} <it made him/her willing to die> 0 (prefix) <he/she--him/her>

            {Hegh} (verb) <die>

            {-qang} (2) <willing>

            {-moH} (4) <cause>

            {-lu'} (5) <indefinite subject>

            {-pu'} (7) <perfective>

            {maghoSchoHmoHneS'a'} <may we execute a course (to some place)?>

            {ma-} (prefix) <we>

            {ghoS} (verb) <proceed on a course>

            {-choH} (3) <change>

            {-moH} (4) <cause>

            {-neS} (8) <honorific>

            {-'a'} (9) <interrogative>[[p.46]]

            4.3. Rovers

            There is one additional set of verb suffixes which Klingon grammarians call {lengwI'mey} <rovers> (from {leng} <travel, roam, rove,> {-wI'} <thing which does,> {-mey} <plural>). Rovers are verb suffixes which do not have a fixed position in relation to the other suffixes following a verb but, instead, can come just about anywhere except following a Type 9 suffix. Their position is determined by the meaning intended. There are two types of rovers: the negative and the emphatic.

            {-be'} <not>

            This is the general suffix of negation, translated as English

            <not.> It follows the concept being negated.

            {vIlo'laHbe'} <they are useless to me, I cannot use them>

            {vI-} (prefix) <I--them>

            {lo'} (verb) <use>

            {-laH} (5) <can, able>

            {-be'} (rover) <not>

            {jISaHbe'} <I don't care (which of several courses of action is followed)>

            {jI-} (prefix) <I>

            {SaH} (verb) <care, be concerned about>

            {-be'} (rover) <not>

            {qay'be'} <it's not a problem, no problem (exclamation)> 0 (prefix) <it>

            {qay'} (verb) <be a problem, be a hassle>

            {-be'} (rover) <not>

            The roving nature of {-be'} is best illustrated in the following set of words.

            {choHoHvIp} <you are afraid to kill me>

            {choHoHvIpbe'} <you are not afraid to kill me>

            {choHoHbe'vIp} <you are afraid to not kill me>

            {cho-} (prefix) <you--me>

            {HoH} (verb) <kill>

            {-vIp} (2) <afraid>

            {-be'} (rover) <not>

            In the second word, the negated notion is <afraid> (that is, <not afraid>), and {-be'} follows {-vIp.} In the third word, the negated notion is <kill> (that is, <not kill>), so {-be'} follows {HoH.}[[p.47]]

            The suffix {-be'} cannot be used with imperative verbs. For imperatives, the following suffix is required.

            {-Qo'} <don't!, won't>

            This negative suffix is used in imperatives and to denote refusal.

            {yIja'Qo'} <don't tell him/her!>

            {yI-} (prefix) <imperative: you--him/her>

            {ja'} (verb) <tell>

            {-Qo'} (rover) <don't!>

            {choja'Qo'chugh} <if you won't tell me, if you refuse to tell me>

            {cho-} (prefix) <you--me>

            {ja'} (verb) <tell>

            {-Qo'} (rover) <won't>

            {-chugh} (9) <if>

            {HIHoHvIpQo'} <don't be afraid to kill me!>

            {HI-} (prefix) <imperative: you--me>

            {HoH} (verb) <kill>

            {-vIp} (2) <afraid>

            {-Qo'} (rover) <don't!>

            Unlike {-be',} the position of {-Qo'} does not change: it occurs last, unless followed by a Type 9 suffix. Nevertheless, it is considered a rover because it is the imperative counterpart to

            {-be'.}

            {-Ha'} <undo>

            This negative suffix implies not merely that something is not done (as does {-be'}), but that there is a change of state: something that was previously done is now undone. For convenience, it will here be translated as <undo,> but it is closer to the English prefixes <mis-, de-, dis-> (as in <misunderstand, demystify, disentangle>). It is also used if something is done wrongly. Unlike {-be', -Ha'} can be used in imperatives.

            {chenHa'moHlaH} <it can destroy them> 0 (prefix) <it--them>

            {chen} (verb) <take form>[[p.48]]

            {-Ha'} (rover) <undo>

            {-moH} (4) <cause>

            {-laH} (5) <can, able>

            This verb actually means something like it can cause them to undo their form.

            {yIchu'Ha'} <disengage it! (e.g., cloaking device)>

            {yI-} (prefix) <imperative: you--it>

            {chu'} (verb) <engage, activate>

            {-Ha'} (rover) <undo>

            {bIjatlhHa'chugh} <if you say the wrong thing>

            {bI-} (prefix) <you>

            {jatlh} (verb) <say>

            {-Ha'} (rover) <undo>

            {-chugh} (9) <if>

            This shows how {-Ha'} can be used in the sense of <wrongly.> The word might be translated as <if you misspeak.> Using {-be'} (that is, {bIjatlhbe'chugh}) would mean <if you don't speak.>

            {Do'Ha'} <it is unfortunate>

            0 (prefix) <it>

            {-Do'} (verb) <be lucky, fortunate>[[-Do'=Do']]

            {-Ha'} (rover) <undo>

            The use of {-Ha'} in this sentence suggests a turn of luck from good to bad.

            It is interesting that {-Ha'} always occurs right after the verb.

            It is not known why Klingon grammarians insist on calling it a rover. It was felt best not to argue with Klingon tradition, however, so {-Ha'} is here classified as a rover.

            {-qu'} <emphatic>

            This suffix emphasizes or affirms whatever immediately precedes it.

            {yIHaghqu'} <study him/her well>[[Hagh=>HaD]]

            {yI-} (prefix) <imperative: you--him/her>

            {Hagh} (verb) <study>[[Hagh=>HaD]]

            {-qu'} (rover) <emphatic>

            {nuQaw'qu'be'} <they have not finished us off>

            {nu-} (prefix) <they--us>[[p.49]]

            {Qaw'} (verb) <destroy>

            {-qu'} (rover) <emphatic>

            {-be'} (rover) <not>

            The roving nature of {-qu'} can be seen in the following set:

            {pIHoHvIpbe'qu'} <we are NOT afraid to kill you>

            {pIHoHvIpqu'be'} <we are not AFRAID to kill you>

            {pIHoHqu'vIpbe'} <we are not afraid to KILL you>

            {pI-} (prefix) <we--you>

            {HoH} (verb) <kill>

            {-vIp} (2) <afraid>

            {-be'} (rover) <not>

            {-qu'} (rover) <emphatic>

            The first word above might be used after an enemy challenged the bravery of the speaker. The second might be followed by an explanation such as, ``We are not willing to kill you because we require your services.'' The third word would be used to emphasize killing, as opposed to some other form of punishment.

            The rover {-qu'} also follows verbs when they are used adjectivally (section 4.4).

            4.4 Adjectives[[4.4=>4.4.]]

            There are no adjectives as such in Klingon. Those notions expressed as adjectives in English (such as <big, tired>) are expressed by verbs in Klingon (<be big, be tired>). A verb expressing a state or quality can be used immediately following a noun to modify that noun.

            {puq Doy'} <tired child>

            {puq} <child>

            {Doy'} <be tired>

            {Dujmey tIn} <big ships>

            {Dujmey} <ships, vessels>

            {tIn} <be big>

            The rover {-qu'} <emphatic> (section 4.3) may follow verbs functioning adjectivally. In this usage, it is usually translated

            <very.>

            {Dujmey tInqu'} <very big ships>[[p.50]]

            {wanI' ramqu'} <a very unimportant event>

            {wanI'} <event, occurrence>

            {ram} <be trivial, unimportant>

            If a Type 5 noun suffix is used (section 3.3.5), it follows the verb, which, when used to modify the noun in this way, can have no other suffix except the rover {-qu'} <emphatic.> The Type 5 noun suffix follows {-qu'.}

            {veng tInDaq} <in the big city>

            {veng} <city>

            {tIn} <be big>

            {-Daq} <locative>

            {veng tInqu'Daq} <in the very big city>[[p.51]]

5. OTHER KINDS OF WORDS

            By far the bulk of Klingon words are nouns and verbs. There are a few others which, probably as an expedient, Klingon grammarians lump together in a group called {chuvmey}

            <leftovers.> It is possible to classify the {chuvmey} somewhat.

            5.1. Pronouns

            In addition to possessive suffixes for nouns (section 3.3.4) and pronominal prefixes for verbs (section 4.1), there is a set of nine pronouns which are independent words.[[nine=>ten]]

            {jIH} <I, me> {maH} <we, us>

            {soH} <you> {tlhIH} <you (plural)>[[soH=>SoH]]

            {ghaH} <he/she, him/her> {chaH} <they, them>

            {'oH} <it> {bIH} <they, them>

            {'e'} <that>

            {net} <that>

            The pronoun {chaH} <they> is used when it refers to a group of beings capable of using language; otherwise, {bIH} <they> is used.

            The pronouns {'e'} and {net} are used only in special sentence constructions (see section 6.2.5).

            There is no grammatical gender in Klingon. Third-person[[p.52]]

            singular pronouns can be translated <he> or <she> as context dictates.

            Pronouns may be used as nouns, but only for emphasis or added clarity. They are not required. Thus, the following sets of sentences are all grammatically correct.

            {yaS vIlegh jIH} <I see the officers.>

            {yaS vIlegh}

            {jIH mulegh yaS} <The officer sees me.>

            {mulegh yaS}

            {ghaH vIlegh jIH} <I see him/her.>

            {ghaH vIlegh}

            {vIlegh jIH}

            {vIlegh}

            ({yaS} <officer,> {vIlegh} <I see him/her,> {mulegh} <he/she sees me>)

            The final two sentences ({vIlegh jIH, vIlegh}) are in fact ambiguous. They could equally well mean <I see them.> (The verb prefix {vI-} is either <I--him/her> or <I--them.>) If context does not make it clear which meaning is intended, pronouns can be used:

            {ghaH vIlegh} <I see him/her.>

            {chaH vIlegh} <I see them.>

            Pronouns are not used in possessive constructions in the way nouns are; instead, the set of possessive noun suffixes is used (section 3.3.4).

            Finally, pronouns can be used as verbs, in the sense of `Ì

            am,'' etc. (See section 6.3).

            5.2. Numbers

            Klingon originally had a ternary number system; that is, one based on three. Counting proceeded as follows: 1, 2, 3; 3+1, 3+2, 3+3; 2×3+1, 2×3+2, 2×3+3; 3×3+1, 3×3+2, 3×3+3; and then it got complicated. In accordance with the more accepted practice, the Klingon Empire sometime back adopted a decimal number system, one based on ten.[[p.53]]

            Though no one knows for sure, it is likely that this change was made more out of concern for understanding the scientific data of other civilizations than out of a spirit of cooper-ation.

            The Klingon numbers are:

            1 {wa'} 6 {jav}

            2 {cha'} 7 {Soch}

            3 {wej} 8 {chorgh}

            4 {loS} 9 {Hut}

            5 {vagh} 10 {wa'maH}

            Higher numbers are formed by adding special number-[[keep hyphen]]

            forming elements to the basic set of numbers (1--9). Thus,

            {wa'maH} <ten> consists of {wa'} <one> plus the number-forming element for <ten,> {maH.} Counting continues as follows: 11 {wa'maH wa'} (that is, <ten and one>) 12 {wa'maH cha'} (that is, <ten and two>) etc.

            Higher numbers are based on {maH} <ten,> {vatlh} <hundred,> and

            {SaD} or {SanID} <thousand.> Both {SaD} and {SanID} are equally correct for <thousand,> and both are used with roughly equal frequency. It is not known why this number alone has two variants.

            20 {cha'maH} (that is, <two tens>) 30 {wejmaH} (that is, <three tens>) etc.

            100 {wa'vatlh} (that is, <one hundred>) 200 {cha'vatlh} (that is, <two hundreds>) etc.

            1,000 {wa'SaD} or {wa'SanID} (that is, <one thousand>) 2,000 {cha'SaD} or {cha'SanID} (that is, <two thousands>) etc.

            Numbers are combined as in English:

            5,347 {vaghSad wejvatlh loSmaH Soch} or[[vaghSad=>vaghSaD]][[p.54]]

            {vaghSanID wejvatlh loSmaH Soch}

            604 {javvatlh loS}

            31 {wejmaH wa'}

            Some of the number-forming elements for higher numbers are:

            ten thousand {netlh}

            hundred thousand {bIp}

            million {'uy'}

            Zero is {pagh.}

            Numbers are used as nouns. As such, they may stand alone as subjects or objects or they may modify another noun.

            {mulegh cha'} <Two (of them) see me.> ({mulegh} <they see me,> {cha'} <two>)

            {wa' yIHoH} <Kill one (of them)!>

            ({wa'} <one,> {yIHoH} <kill him/her!>) The preceding sentence is grammatically correct even without the {wa'} because the prefix {yI-} indicates a singular object. The

            {wa',} therefore, is used for emphasis only.

            Numbers used as modifiers precede the noun they modify.

            {loS puqpu'} or {loS puq} <four children>

            {vaghmaH yuQmey} or {vaghmaH yuQ} <fifty planets> The plural suffixes ({-pu', -mey}) are not necessary when a number is used.

            When a number is used for numbering, as opposed to counting, it follows the noun. Compare:

            {DuS wa'} <torpedo tube number 1>

            {wa' DuS} <one torpedo tube>

            Ordinal numbers (<first, second,> etc.) are formed by adding

            {-DIch} to the numbers.

            {wa'DIch} <first>

            {cha'DIch} <second>

            {HutDIch} <ninth>

            Ordinal numbers follow the noun.

            {meb cha'DIch} <second guest>[[p.55]]

            Adding {-logh} to a number gives the notion of repetitions.

            {wa'logh} <once>

            {cha'logh} <twice>

            {Hutlogh} <nine times>

            These numbers function in the sentence as adverbials (section 5.4).

            5.3. Conjunctions

            Conjunctions are of two types: those that join nouns together and those that join sentences together. The meanings of the two types of conjunctions, however, are the same: JOINING NOUNS JOINING SENTENCES

            {je} {'ej} <and>

            {joq} {qoj} <and/or>

            {ghap} {pagh} <either/or> The conjunctions joining nouns come after the final noun.

            {DeS 'uS je} <an arm and a leg>

            {DeS 'uS joq} <an arm or a leg or both>

            {DeS 'eS ghap} <either an arm or a leg (but not both)> The noun conjunction {je} has an additional function: when it follows a verb, it means <also, too.>

            {qaleghpu' je} <I also saw you, I saw you too> As in English, the meaning of such sentences is ambiguous:

            <I and others saw you> or <I saw you and others.> The exact meaning is determined by context.

            In addition to the three listed above, there is one other sentence conjunction:

            {'ach} <but, nevertheless, however, even so> This word is sometimes shortened to {'a.}

            The conjunctions joining sentences occur between the sentences they join. For illustrations, see section 6.2.1.

            5.4. Adverbials

            These words usually come at the beginning of a sentence and describe the manner of the activity.[[p.56]]

            {batlh} <with honor, in an honored fashion>

            {bong} <by accident, accidentally, not intentionally>

            {chaq} <perhaps>

            {chIch} <on purpose, purposely>

            {DaH} <now>

            {Do'} <with luck, luckily>

            {loQ} <slightly, a little bit>

            {nom} <fast, quickly>

            {not} <never>

            {pay'} <suddenly>

            {pIj} <often>

            {QIt} <slowly>

            {reH} <always>

            {rut} <sometimes>

            {tugh} <soon>

            {vaj} <thus, in that case, so, accordingly, then>

            {wej} <not yet>

            Examples:

            {bong yaS vIHoHpu'} <I accidentally killed the officer.> ({yaS} <officer,> {vIHoHpu'} <I killed him/her>)

            {batlh Daqawlu'taH} <You will be remembered with honor.> ({Daqawlu'taH} <somebody continues to

            remember you>)

            {vaj Daleghpu'} <Then you have seen it.> ({Daleghpu'} <you have seen it>)

            {wej vIlegh} <I don't see him/her yet> ({vIlegh} <I see him/her>)

            One word fits somewhat awkwardly into this category:

            {neH} <only, merely, just>

            Unlike the other adverbials, it follows the verb which it modifies. The semantic effect is one of trivializing the action.

            {qama' vIqIppu' neH} <I merely hit the prisoner.> ({qama'} <prisoner,> {vIqIppu'} <I hit him/

            her>)

            {Duj yIQotlh neH} <Just disable the ship!> ({Duj} <ship, vessel,> {yIQotlh} <disable it!>)

            [[p.57]]

            The use of {neH} in the preceding sentence implies that the ship is to be disabled, but not damaged further.

            Also unlike the other adverbials, {neH} can follow a noun. In such cases, it means <only, alone.>

            {yaS neH} <only the officer, the officer alone>

            {jonta' neH} <only the engine>

            Adverbials sometimes occur alone, functioning more or less as exclamations (section 5.5). For example:

            {nom} <Move fast! Move quickly!>

            {wej} <Don't do it yet!>

            {tugh} <Hurry up!>

            5.5 Exclamations[[5.5=>5.5.]]

            These expressions stand as sentences in their own right.

            {ghobe'} <No.> (response to a question)

            {Ha'} <Let's go! Come on!>

            {HIja'} or {HISlaH} <Yes.> (response to a question)

            {lu'} or {luq} <Yes. Okay. I will.>

            {maj} <Good.> (expressing satisfaction)

            {majQa'} <Very good. Well done.>

            {nuqneH} <What do you want?> (greeting)

            {pItlh} <Done!>

            {Qo'} <No. I won't. I refuse.>

            {SuH} or {Su'} <Ready!>

            {toH} <Well! So!>

            {wejpuH} <Charming.> (used only ironically)

            {'eH} <Ready!>

            {HIja'} and {HISlaH} <yes> seem to be used interchangeably.

            {SuH, Su',} and {'eH} all mean that the speaker is about to give a command. They are comparable to thè`Ready!'' at the beginning of a race: ``Ready! Set! Go!'' {SuH} and {Su',} but not

            {'eH,} can also be used to indicate that the speaker is ready to do something or that arrangements have been made for something to happen. Some speakers of Klingon pronounce

            {SuH} as if it were {SSS,} almost like the English expression for

            ``be quiet'': <shhh!>

            {pItlh} is used for <It's done! I've done it! I've finished! All done!> etc.[[p.58]]

            The expression {toH} is roughly equivalent to English <aha!> Also included in the category of exclamations are Klingon curses. Only three such curses have been noted to date.

            {QI'yaH} <*?!#@>

            {ghuy'cha'} <*@$%>

            {Qu'vatlh} <#*@!>

            5.6. Names and address

            Klingon names are frequently mispronounced by non-[[keep hypen]]

            Klingons. Furthermore, when written in the writing systems of other languages, they usually end up with spellings which only suggest their true pronunciation. For example, the Klingon sound {tlh} at the beginning of a word is almost always written <kl> by English speakers, presumably because the sound

            <tl> cannot occur at the beginning of an English word. Similarly, Klingon {Q} is often rendered <kr,> and Klingon {q} always comes out <k.>

            The following is a list of a few Klingon names along with their usual English spellings.

            {mara} <Mara>

            {matlh} <Maltz>

            {qeng} <Kang>

            {qeylIS} <Kahless>

            {qolotlh} <Koloth>

            {qor} <Kor>

            {qoreQ} <Korax>

            {QaS} <Kras>

            {Qel} <Krell>

            {Qugh} <Kruge>

            {torgh} <Torg>

            {valQIS} <Valkris>

            Names may be used in direct address (that is, calling somebody by name) at the beginning or end of the sentence.

            Other words in direct address (such as {qaH} <sir,> {joHwI'} <my lord>) are used similarly.

            {torgh HIghoS} <Torg, come here!> ({HIghoS} <proceed toward me!>)

            {lu' qaH} <Yes, sir!>[[p.59]]

6. SYNTAX

            As in any language, Klingon sentences range from the very simple and straightforward to the very complex and convo-luted. What follows here are the mere basics of Klingon sentence structure. This information should provide a good foundation so that students of Klingon can converse properly, though not eloquently, while learning more about the language.

            6.1. Basic sentences

            The basic structure of a Klingon sentence is: OBJECT--VERB--SUBJECT

            This the reverse of the order in English, so care should be taken to avoid interpreting sentences backward. The subject is the person or thing doing the action described by the verb; The object is the recipient of that action.

            The importance of word order can be seen by comparing the following sentences.

            {puq legh yaS} <The officer sees the child.>

            {yaS legh puq} <The child sees the officer.> In both sentences, the words are identical: {puq} <child,> {legh}

            [[p.60]]

            <he/she sees him/her,> {yaS} <officer.> The only way to know who is seeing whom is by the order of the words in the sentence. The verb {legh} is preceded by the prefix 0 <he/she--him/her.> When the subject and/or object is first or second person, the prefix on the verb must be the proper one.

            {puq vIlegh jIH} <I see the child.>

            ({vIlegh} <I see him/her>)

            {jIH mulegh puq} <The child sees me.> ({mulegh} <he/she sees me>)

            Actually, the first- and second-person pronouns are seldom used in sentences of this type (though they can, as here, be used for emphasis), so the following sentences illustrate more commonly occurring sentence types.

            {puq vIlegh} <I see the child.>

            {mulegh puq} <The child sees me.>

            Imperative sentences (commands) follow the same rules.

            {So'wI' yIchu'} <Engage the cloaking device!> ({So'wI'} <cloaking device,>

            {yIchu'} <engage it!>)

            {DoS yIbuS} <Concentrate on the target!> ({DoS} <target,> {yIbuS} <concentrate on it!>)

            {yaSpu' tIHoH} <Kill the officers!>

            ({yaSpu'} <officers,> {tIHoH} <kill them!>) Any noun in the sentence indicating something other than subject or object comes first, before the object noun. Such nouns usually end in a Type 5 noun suffix (section 3.3.5).

            {pa'Daq yaS vIleghpu'} <I saw the officer in the room.> ({pa'Daq} <in the room,>

            {yaS} <officer,> {vIleghpu'} <I saw him/

            her>)

            Other examples of this construction are given in section 3.3.5.

            6.2. Complex sentences

            A few of the more common types of more elaborate Klingon sentences will be illustrated.[[p.61]]

            6.2.1. Compound sentences

            Two sentences may be joined together to form a longer compound sentence. Both sentences must be able to stand alone as properly formed sentences. When combined, they simply come one after the other, joined by a conjunction (see section 5.3).

            {jISoptaH 'ej QongtaH} <I am eating, and he/she is sleeping.>

            {jISoptaH 'ach QongtaH} <I am eating, but he/she is sleeping.>

            {bISoptaH qoj bItlhutlhtaH} <You are eating and/or you are drinking.>

            {bISoptaH pagh bItlhutlhtaH} <You are either eating or else you are drinking.>

            When the subject of both of the joined sentences is the same, the English translation may be reduced to a less choppy form, but Klingon does not allow this shortening.

            The pronominal prefix must be used with both verbs.

            Thus, the final two sentences above may be translated

            <You are eating and/or drinking; You are either eating or drinking.>

            When a noun (as opposed to simply a verbal prefix) indicates subject and/or object, there are some options in Klingon. In its fullest form, a Klingon sentence repeats the noun:

            {yaS legh puq 'ej yaS qIp puq}

            ({yaS} <officer,> {puq} <child,> {legh} <he/she sees him/her,> {qIp} <he/she hits him/her>)

            <The child sees the officer and the child hits the officer.>

            or

            <The child sees the officer and hits the officer.> or

            <The child sees and hits the officer.> It is possible, however, to use pronouns rather than nouns in the second of the joined sentences.[[p.62]]

            {yaS legh puq 'ej ghaH qIp ghaH} ({ghaH} <he/she>)

            <The child sees the officer and he/she hits him/her.> or

            <The child sees the officer and hits him/her.> If the context is clear, even the pronoun may be left out.

            {yaS vIlegh 'ej vIqIp} ({vI-} <I--him/her>)

            <I see the officer and I hit him/her.> or

            <I see the officer and hit him/her.> or

            <I see and hit the officer.>

            6.2.2. Subordinate clauses

            Klingon verbs ending in Type 9 suffixes (other than {-'a'}

            <interrogative> and {-wI'} <one who does, one which does>) always occur in sentences with another verb. Hence, they are verbs in subordinate clauses.

            {cha yIbaH qara'DI'}

            or {qara'DI' cha yIbaH} <Fire the torpedoes at my command!>

            The two parts of this sentence are {cha yIbaH} <fire the torpedoes!> and {qara'DI'} <when I command you> or <as soon as I command you.> {-DI'} is a Type 9 suffix meaning <as soon as, when,> so {qara'DI'} must occur as part of a larger sentence.

            Note that the order of the two parts of the sentence is variable.

            A few further examples should make the use of subordinate clauses clear.

            {bIjatlhHa'chugh qaHoH}

            or {qaHoH bIjatlhHa'chugh} <If you say the wrong thing, I will kill you.>

            ({bIjatlhHa'chugh} <if you

            misspeak,> {qaHoH} <I kill

            you>)

            Note that although the English translation uses the word <will,> there is no marker for future in Klingon. The unsuffixed verb

            {HoH} <kill> is neutral as to time: since the person being[[p.63]]

            addressed is being given a chance to speak, that person must still be alive. Thus, the killing must take place in the future.

            {SutlhtaHvIS chaH DIHIvpu'}

            or {DIHIvpu' SutlhtaHvIS chaH} <While they were negotiating we

            attacked them.>

            ({SutlhtaHvIS} <while

            they are negotiating,>

            {chaH} <they,> {DIHIvpu'}

            <we attacked them>)

            The notion of <were negotiating,> rather than <are negotiating,> comes from the suffix {-pu'} <perfective> attached to the verb {HIv}

            <attack.> A translation such as <While they are negotiating we attacked them> makes little sense in English and misrepresents the meaning of the Klingon sentence.

            6.2.3. Relative clauses

            Relative clauses are translated into English as phrases beginning with <who, which, where,> and, most commonly, <that.> Like adjectives, they describe nouns: <the dog which is running, the cat that is sleeping, the child who is playing, the restaurant where we ate.> The noun modified by a relative clause is the head noun.

            In Klingon, the verb in the relative clause ends with the Type 9 suffix {-bogh,} which will, for convenience, be translated

            <which.>

            Whether the head noun follows or precedes the relative clause depends on its relationship to that clause. Compare the following:

            {qIppu'bogh yaS} <officer who hit him/her>

            {yaS qIppu'bogh} <officer whom he/she hit> In both phrases, the relative clause is {qIppu'bogh} ({qIp} <hit,>

            {-pu'} <perfective,> {-bogh} <which>), and the head noun is {yaS}

            <officer.> In the first phrase, {yaS} is the subject of the verb {qIp}

            (the officer is doing the hitting), so it follows {qIppu'bogh,} just as all subjects follow the verb. In the second phrase, {yaS} is the

            [[p.64]]

            object (the officer is getting hit), so it precedes {qIppu'bogh,}

            just as all objects precede the verb.

            The whole construction (relative clause plus head noun), as a unit, is used in a sentence as a noun. Accordingly, this construction follows or precedes the verb of the sentence, depending on whether it is the subject or object.

            {qIppu'bogh yaS vIlegh} <I see the officer who hit him/her.>

            The entire relative construction {qIppu'bogh yaS} <officer who hit him/her> is the object of the verb {vIlegh} <I see him/her,> so it precedes the verb.

            {mulegh qIppu'bogh yaS} <The officer who hit him/her sees me.>

            Here, {qIppu'bogh yaS} is the subject of the verb {mulegh} <he/she sees me,> so it follows the verb.

            This pattern is also followed when the head noun is the object of the verb in the relative clause, such as {yaS

            qIppu'bogh} <officer whom he/she hit.>

            {yaS qIppu'bogh vIlegh} <I see the officer whom he/she hit.>

            {mulegh yaS qIppu'bogh} <The officer whom he/she hit sees me.>

            In the English translation, the relative pronouns (<that, which,> etc.) may often be omitted: <I see the officer he/she hit, the officer he/she hit sees me.> In Klingon, however, {-bogh} is mandatory.

            6.2.4. Purpose clauses

            If an action is being done in order to accomplish something, or for the purpose of accomplishing something, the verb describing what is to be accomplished ends with the Type 9

            suffix {-meH,} which may be translated <for, for the purpose of, in order to.> The purpose clause always precedes the noun or verb whose purpose it is describing.

            {ja'chuqmeH rojHom neH jaghla'} <The enemy commander[[jaghla'=>jagh la']]

            wishes a truce (in order)

            to confer.>[[p.65]]

            The phrase {ja'chuqmeH rojHom} <a truce (in order) to confer> is the object of the verb {neH} <he/she wants it;> the subject is

            {jaghla'} <enemy commander.> The object is a noun {rojHom} <truce>

            [[jaghla'=>jagh la']]

            preceded by the purpose clause {ja'chuqmeH} <for the purpose of conferring> or <in order to confer.> (The verb is made up of {ja'}

            <tell,> {-chuq} <each other;> thus, <confer> is <tell each other.>)

            {jagh luHoHmeH jagh lunejtaH} <They are searching for the enemy in order to

            kill him/her.>

            Here the purpose clause is {jagh luHoHmeH} <in order for them to kill the enemy,> which is made up of the object noun {jagh}

            <enemy> preceding the verb {luHoHmeH} <in order for them to kill him/her> ({lu-} <they--him/her,> {HoH} <kill,> {-meH} <for>). It describes

            the purpose of the verb {lunejtaH} <they are searching for him/her> ({lu-} <they--him/her,> {nej} <seek, search for,> {-taH}

            <continu-

            ous>). Note that, just as in compound sentences, the object noun {jagh} <enemy> occurs before each verb for which it is the object. Thus, somewhat more literally, the sentence may be translated <In order to kill the enemy, they are searching for the enemy.>

            Furthermore, just as in compound sentences, the second of two identical nouns may be replaced by a pronoun or, if the context, is clear, left out altogether.

            {jagh luHoHmeH ghaH lunejtaH}

            {jagh luHoHmeH lunejtaH} <They are searching for the enemy in order to kill

            him/her.>

            6.2.5. Sentences as objects

            Klingon has two special pronouns, {'e'} and {net,} which refer to the previous sentence as a whole. They are used primarily, not exclusively, with verbs of thinking or observation (such as <know, see>). They are always treated as the object verb, and the verb always takes a prefix indicating a third-person singular object. What is a single sentence in English is often two sentences in Klingon. {net} is used only under special circumstances (see page 66), but {'e'} is common. Several examples should make the use of {'e'}

            clear.[[p.66]]

            {qama'pu' DIHoH 'e' luSov} <They know we kill prisoners.> This sentence is actually two: (1) {qama'pu' DIHoH} <We kill prisoners> ({qama'pu'} <prisoners,> {DIHoH} we <kill them>); (2) {'e'

            luSov} <They know that> ({'e'} <that,> {luSov} <they know it>). The pronoun {'e'} refers to the previous sentence, <We kill prisoners.>

            {yaS qIppu' 'e' vIlegh} <I saw him/her hit the officers.> The two sentences here are: (1) {yaS qIppu'} <He/she hit the officer;> (2) {'e' vIlegh} <I see that> ({vIlegh} <I see it>). The construction might equally well be translated as <I saw that he/she hit the officer.> Note that the verb in the second sentence, {vIlegh} <I see it,> is neutral as to time. The past tense of the translation

            <(I saw...)> comes from the verb in the first sentence, {qIppu'}

            <he/she hit him/her> ({-pu'} <perfective>). In complex sentences of this type, the second verb never takes an aspect suffix (section 4.2.7).

            When the verb of the second sentence has a third-person subject (that is, the pronominal prefix is 0) but the intended meaning is <one> or <someone,> rather than <he, she, it,> or <they,>

            {net}

            is used instead of {'e'.}

            {qama'pu' DIHoH net Sov} <One knows we kill prisoners.> As above, the first sentence here is {qama'pu' DIHoH} <We kill prisoners.> The second sentence is {net Sov} <One knows that.> The full construction implies that it is common knowledge that the group to which the speaker belongs kills prisoners.

            {Qu'vaD lI' net tu'bej} <One certainly finds it useful for the mission.>

            The first part of this example is {Qu'vaD lI'} <It is useful for the mission> ({Qu'vaD} <for the mission,> {lI'} <it is useful>). The second part is {net tu'bej} <One certainly finds that> or <One certainly observes that.> The full construction might also be translated

            <One will certainly observe that it is useful to the mission.> Note that although the word <will> makes a more flowing translation, there is nothing in the Klingon sentence indicating future tense.

            When the verb of the second sentence is {neH} <want,> neither[[p.67]]

            {'e'} nor {net} is used, but the construction is otherwise identical to that just described.

            {jIQong vIneH} <I want to sleep.>

            ({jIQong} <I sleep,> {vIneH} <I want it>)

            {qalegh vIneH} <I want to see you.>

            ({qalegh} <I see you,> {vIneH} <I want it>)

            {Dalegh vIneH} <I want you to see him/her.> ({Dalegh} <you see him/her,> {vIneH} <I want it>)

            {qama'pu' vIjonta' vIneH} <I wanted to capture prisoners.> In this final example, the first part is {qama'pu' vIjonta'} <I captured prisoners> ({qama'pu'} <prisoners,> {vIjonta'} <I captured them>). Note once again that the aspect marker (in this case,

            {-ta'} <accomplished>) goes with the first verb only; the second verb, {vIneH} <I want it,> is neutral as to time. The past tense of the translation <(I wanted...)> comes from the aspect marker on the first verb.

            Similarly, with verbs of saying (<say, tell, ask,> etc.), {'e'} and

            {net} are not used. The two phrases simply follow one another, in either order.

            {qaja'pu' HIqaghQo'}

            or {HIqaghQo' qaja'pu'} <I told you not to interrupt me.> This is literally <I told you, ``Don't interrupt me!''> or <``Don't interrupt me'' I told you> ({qaja'pu'} <I told you,> {HIqaghQo'} <don't interrupt me!>). An aspect marker (here, {-pu'} <perfective>) may always be attached to the verb of saying, regardless of whether it is the first or second verb.

            Finally, the use of {rIntaH} to indicate that an action is accomplished (section 4.2.7) is another example of the two-[[keep hyphen]]

            verb (or two-sentence) construction.

            6.3. ``To be''

            There is no verb corresponding to English <to be> in Klingon.

            On the other hand, all pronouns (section 5.1) can be used as verbs, in the sense of <I am, you are,> etc.

            {tlhIngan jIH} <I am a Klingon.>[[p.68]]

            {yaS SoH} <You are an officer.>

            {puqpu' chaH} <They are children.>

            The pronoun always follows the noun.

            Similarly, there is no verb corresponding to <to be> in the sense of ``to be at a place.'' Again, the pronouns are used, followed, where appropriate, by verbal suffixes.

            {pa'wIjDaq jIHtaH} <I am in my quarters.> ({pa'wIjDaq} <in my room,> {jIH} <I,>

            {-taH} <continuous>)

            In the above examples, the subjects are pronouns. If the subject is a noun, it follows the third-person pronoun ({ghaH}

            <he/she,> {'oH} <it,> {chaH} <they,> {bIH} <they>) and takes the {-'e'}

            <topic>

            suffix (see section 3.3.5).

            {puqpu' chaH qama'pu' 'e'} <The prisoners are children.>[[qama'pu'

            'e'=>qama'pu''e']]

            {pa'DajDaq ghaHtaH la''e'} <The commander is in his quarters.>

            These sentences might also be translated <As for the prisoners, they are children; As for the commander, he is in his quarters.> 6.4. Questions

            There are two types of questions: those which may be answered ``yes'' or ``no,'' and those which require explana-tions as answers.

            Yes/no questions are formed with the Type 9 suffix {-'a'}

            added to the verb. Examples are given in section 4.2.9.

            Appropriate answers to yes/no questions are:

            {HIja'} or {HISlaH} <yes>

            {ghobe'} <no>

            The other type of question contains a question word:

            {chay'} <how?>

            {ghorgh} <when?>

            {nuq} <what?>

            {nuqDaq} <where?>[[p.69]]

            {qatlh} <why?>

            {'ar} <how many? how much?>

            {'Iv} <who?>

            For {'Iv} <who?> and {nuq} <what?> the question word fits into the sentence in the position that would be occupied by the answer. For example:

            {yaS legh 'Iv} <Who sees the officer?>

            {'Iv legh yaS} <Whom does the officer see?> In the first question, it is the subject which is being asked about, so {'Iv} <who?> goes in the subject position, following the verb {legh} <he/she sees him/her.> In the second case, the object is being questioned, so the question word goes in the object position, before the verb.

            Similarly with {nuq} <what?:>

            {Duj ghoStaH nuq} <What is coming toward the ship?> ({Duj} <ship, vessel,> {ghoStaH} <it is proceeding toward it>)

            {nuq legh yaS} <What does the officer see?> Both {'Iv} and {nuq} are treated as nouns as far as the pronominal prefixes are concerned. That is, they are considered third person.

            {nughoStaH nuq} <What is coming toward us?> ({nughoStaH} <it is proceeding toward us>)

            {nuq Dalegh} <What do you see?> ({Dalegh} <you see it>) The word for <where?,> {nuqDaq,} is actually {nuq} <what?> followed by the suffix {-Daq} <locative> (see section 3.3.5). As would any locative phrase (see section 6.1), it comes at the beginning of the sentence.

            {nuqDaq So'taH yaS} <Where is the officer hiding?> ({So'taH} <he/she is hiding>)

            Three other question words likewise occur at the beginning of the sentence.[[p.70]]

            {ghorgh Haw'pu' yaS} <When did the officer flee?> ({Haw'pu'} <he/she has fled>)

            {qatlh Haw'pu' yaS} <Why did the officer flee?>

            {chay' Haw'pu' yaS} <How did the officer flee?> Note also:

            {chay' jura'} <What are your orders?> This is actually {chay'} <how?,> {jura'} <you command us;> thus,

            <How do you command us?>

            The question word {chay'} <how?> may be used as a one-word sentence meaning <How did this happen? What happened?

            What the---?>

            Finally, {'ar} <how many? how much?> follows the noun to which it refers. It can never follow a noun with a plural suffix ({-pu', -mey, -Du';} see section 3.3.2).

            {Haw'pu' yaS 'ar} <How many officers fled?> ({Haw'pu'} <they fled,> {yaS} <officer>)

            {nIn 'ar wIghaj} <How much fuel do we have?> ({nIn} <fuel,> {wIghaj} we <have it>) 6.5. Commands

            Commands are given with appropriate imperative prefixes.

            See sections 4.1.2, 4.3.

            6.6. Comparatives and superlatives

            The idea of something being more or greater than something else (comparative) is expressed by means of a construction which can be represented by the following formula: A Q {law'} B Q {puS}

            In this formula, A and B are the two things being compared and Q is the quality which is being measured. The two Klingon words in the formula are {law'} <be many> and {puS} <be few.> Thus, it says <A's Q is many, B's Q is few> or <A has more Q

            than B has> or <A is Q-er than B.> Any verb expressing a quality or condition may fit into the Q slot.[[p.71]]

            {la' jaq law' yaS jaq puS} <The commander is bolder than the officer.>

            ({la'} <commander,> {jaq} <be bold,>

            {yaS}

            <officer>)

            To express the superlative, that something is the most or the greatest of all, the noun {Hoch} <all> is used in the B position:

            {la' jaq law' Hoch jaq puS} <The commander is boldest of all.>

            In comparative and superlative constructions, the verb of quality ({jaq} <be bold> in the sentences above) must be said twice.[[p.72]]

7. CLIPPED KLINGON

            The preceding grammatical sketch describes ``proper''

            Klingon, that is, Klingon as it is taught in Klingon schools or to non-Klingons. In actual day-to-day use, however, spoken Klingon may vary somewhat from its ``proper'' form, usually by leaving some elements out. This abbreviated form of speaking, called Clipped Klingon by Klingon grammarians, is heard quite frequently in military contexts where quick

            ---rather than eloquent---communication is deemed a virtue.

            Probably for similar reasons, Clipped Klingon is used quite extensively in all walks of Klingon life.

            Some of the features of Clipped Klingon are described below.

            7.1. Commands

            In giving commands, the imperative prefix (section 4.1.2) may be left off, leaving the bare verb.

            Proper Klingon: {yIbaH} <Fire (the torpedoes)!> Clipped Klingon: {baH}

            Proper Klingon: {wIy yIcha'} <Show the tactical display!> Clipped Klingon: {wIy cha'}

            ({wIy} <tactical display on monitor,> {cha'} <show, project>) Proper Klingon: {He chu' yIghoS} <Follow a new course!>[[p.73]]

            Clipped Klingon: {He chu' ghoS}

            ({He} <course,> {chu'} <be new,> {ghoS} <follow a course>) When the object noun is critical, and what is to be done with that noun is obvious (or should be obvious) to the listener, that noun itself may serve as the command.

            Proper Klingon: {chuyDaH yIlaQ} <Fire the thrusters!> Clipped Klingon: {chuyDaH} <Thrusters!> ({chuyDaH} <thrusters,> {laQ} <fire, energize>) Proper Klingon: {HaSta yIcha'} <Show the visual display!> Clipped Klingon: {HaSta} <Visual (display)!> ({HaSta} <visual display on monitor,> {cha'} <show, project>)

            Finally, other grammatical markers, particularly noun suffixes, may be left out of commands.

            Proper Klingon: {jolpa'Daq yIjaH} <Go to the transport room!> Clipped Klingon: {jolpa' yIjaH}

            ({jolpa'} <transport room,> {-Daq} <locative,> {jaH} <go>) It is not common, when noun suffixes are chopped, for the imperative prefix on the verb to be dropped as well.

            7.2. Responses to commands, status reports Responses to commands and status reports are also prone to clipping.

            Proper Klingon: {So'wI' vIchu'ta'} <I have engaged the cloaking device.>

            Proper Klingon: {So'wI' chu'lu'ta'} <The cloaking device has been engaged.>

            Clipped Klingon: {So'wI' chu'ta'} <Cloaking device engaged.> ({So'wI'} <cloaking device,> {vIchu'ta'} <I have engaged it,>

            {chu'lu'ta'} <it has been engaged>)

            In the preceding example, the clipped form can correspond to either a dropping of the prefix {vI-} <I--it> or the suffix {-lu'}

            <indefinite subject.>

            Proper Klingon: {jIyajchu'} <I understand clearly.> Clipped Klingon: {yajchu'} <Understood clearly.> ({yaj} <understand,> {-chu'} <clearly, perfectly>)[[p.74]]

            In this final example, the clipped form, lacking the pronominal prefix {jI-} <I,> is a likely response to a question in clipped form, such as {yaj'a'} <Understood?> (compare Proper Klingon

            {bIyaj'a'} <Do you understand?>).

            7.3. Duress, excitement

            When in a situation of great danger or when immediate action may be necessary, a Klingon is apt to drop pronominal prefixes. This clipped form is also common when a Klingon is excited for some reason.

            Proper Klingon: {qama'pu' vIjonta' vIneH} <I wanted to capture prisoners.>

            Clipped Klingon: {qama'pu' jonta' neH} <Wanted prisoners!> ({qama'pu'} <prisoners,> {vIjonta'} <I captured them,> {vIneH} <I want them>)

            In context, it would be clear that the speaker is the one doing the wanting (and capturing), even though the pronominal prefix {vI-} <I--them> is missing.[[p.75]]

DICTIONARY[[p.77]]

            INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

            This dictionary contains four parts: (1) Klingon to English, (2) English to Klingon, (3) list of apexes in Klingon alphabetical order, (4) list of affixes in English alphabetical order.

            Klingon alphabetical order is as follows:

            {a, b, ch, D, e, gh, H, I, j, l, m, n, ng, o, p, q, Q, r, S, t, tlh, u, v, w, y, '}

            Note that {ch, gh, ng,} and {tlh} are considered separate letters.

            Thus the syllable {no} would precede the syllable {nga} in the Klingon list.

            Each Klingon word is tagged as to type (noun, verb, etc.).

            This tag occurs at the end of the English translation. The abbreviations used to indicate word types are: adv adverbial (section 5.4)

            conj conjunction (section 5.3)

            excl exclamation (section 5.5)

            n noun (section 3)

            num number (section 5.2)

            pro pronoun (section 5.1)

            ques question word (section 6.4)

            v verb (section 4)[[p.78]]

            In looking through the dictionary, it will be noticed that there are a number of noun/verb pairs; that is, the same word is both a noun and a verb. Futhermore, there are some words

            [[Futhermore=>Furthermore]]

            which are identical in form (and nearly identical in meaning) to some suffixes (for example, {laH} is a noun meaning <accomplishment> and {-laH} is a verb suffix meaning <can, able>).

            There are also a number of Klingon synonyms; that is two Klingon words with identical meanings (for example, {joh, jaw}[[joh=> joH]]

            <lord,> {chetvI', DuS} <torpedo tube>). Occasionally one member of such a synonym set can be analyzed. Thus, {baHwI'} <gunner> consists of the verb {baH} <fire (a torpedo)> plus the suffix {-wI'}

            <one who does something.> The other word for <gunner,> {matha',}

            [[matha'=>matHa']]

            remains impervious to analysis. Sometimes one member of a set may be partially analyzed. For example, {jonta'} <engine> begins with {jon,} which is also found in {jonwI'} <engineer,> and ends with {ta',} which also occurs in {mIqta'} <machinery.> The other members of these synonym sets, {QuQ} <engine> and {jo'}

            <machinery,> cannont be further analyzed. (It is likely that[[cannont=> cannot]]

            there are sets of synonyms with three or more members, but none has been found to date.)

            It has not yet been possible to determine how, or whether, the synonyms are used differentially. Perhaps there is a suggestion of Klingon social structure hidden here, for many of the synonym sets are words relating to military or governmental rank (such as {yaS, 'utlh} <officer>). On the other hand, some of the pairings are words referring to mechanics or engineering (such as <engine> and <torpedo tube,> as illustrated above). Perhaps a more thorough understanding of Klingon technology would reveal that there is indeed a difference in meaning among members of each set. Despite the current incomplete understanding of synonyms, the student of Klingon can be relatively assured that no major social blunder will be committed by choosing one rather than the other member of a synonym set.

            These various pairings (noun/verb, word/suffix, synonym sets) are of great historical interest, for they surely indicate something about earlier stages of the language. Unfortunately, a linguistic history of Klingon is beyond the scope of the present work.

            For ease of reference, English entries in the English-[[p.79]]

            Klingon section of this dictionary begin with the word that the user would most likely be looking for, even though this may at times be grammatically incorrect. This first word is, when appropriate, followed by the correct translation. For example, English adjectives (e.g., <bold>) correspond to Klingon verbs, most accurately translated using the English verb <to be> (e.g., <be bold>). All such words are entered with the adjective first, followed by the accurate translation (e.g., <bold, be bold>). Similarly, when a Klingon word is translated into an English phrase (e.g., <have a headache>), the first word in the English entry is the key word in the phrase, followed by the proper translation (e.g., <headache, have a headache>).[[p.80]]

KLINGON-ENGLISH

            bach

            shoot (v)

            bach

            shot (n)

            baH

            fire (torpedo, rocket, missile) (v)

            baHwI'

            gunner (n)

            bang

            love, one who is loved (n)

            baS

            metal (n)

            batlh

            honor (n)

            batlh

            honored, with honor (adv)

            bav

            orbit (v)

            ba'

            sit (v)

            bech

            suffer (v)

            begh

            deflectors (n)

            beH

            rifle (n)

            bej

            watch (v)

            bel

            be pleased (v)

            bel

            pleasure (n)

            belHa'

            be displeased (v)

            ben

            years ago (n)

            bep

            agony (n)

            bep

            complain, object, gripe (v)

            beq

            crew, crewman (n)

            bergh

            be irritable (v)

            be'

            female, woman (n)[[p.81]]

            be'Hom

            girl (n)

            be'nal

            wife (n)

            be'nI'

            sister (n)

            bID

            half (n)

            bIghHa'

            prison, jail (n)

            bIH

            they, them (incapable of language)

            (pro)

            bIng

            area below, area under (n)

            bIp

            hundred thousand (num)

            bIQ

            water (n)

            bIQtIq

            river (n)

            bIQ'a'

            ocean (n)

            bIr

            be cold (v)

            bIt

            be nervous, uneasy (v)

            bIv

            break (rules) (v)

            bobcho'

            module (n)

            boch

            shine, be shiny (v)

            bogh

            be born (v)

            boH

            be impatient (v)

            boj

            nag (v)

            bong

            accidentally, by accident (adv)

            boq

            alliance (n)

            boQ

            aide (n)

            boQ

            assist (v)

            boQDu'

            aide-de-camp (n)

            bortaS

            revenge (n)

            boS

            collect (v)

            bot

            prevent, block, prohibit (v)

            botlh

            center, middle (n)

            bov

            era (n)

            bo'DIj

            court (n)

            buD

            be lazy (v)

            bup

            quit (v)

            buQ

            threaten (v)

            burgh

            stomach (n)

            buS

            concentrate on, focus on, think

            only about (v)

            butlh

            dirt under fingernails (n)

            buv

            classification (n)

            buv

            classify (v)

            bu'

            sergeant (n)[[p.82]]

            cha

            torpedoes (n)

            chach

            emergency (n)

            chagh

            drop (v)

            chaH

            they, them (capable of using lan-

            guage) (pro)

            chal

            sky (n)

            chamwI'

            technician (n)

            chap

            back (of hand) (n)

            chaq

            perhaps (adv)

            chargh

            conquer (v)

            chav

            achieve (v)

            chav

            achievement (n)

            chaw'

            allow, permit (v)

            chay'

            how? (ques)

            cha'

            show, display (picture) (v)

            cha'

            two (num)

            cha'DIch

            second (num)

            cha'Hu'

            day before yesterday (n)

            cha'leS

            day after tomorrow (n)

            cha'logh

            twice (adv)

            cha'puj

            dilithium (n)

            cha'pujqut

            dilithium crystal (n)

            chech

            be drunk, intoxicated (v)

            chegh

            return (v)

            cheH

            defect (v)

            chel

            add (v)

            chen

            build up, take form (v)

            chep

            prosper, be prosperous (v)

            cher

            establish, set up (v)

            chergh

            tolerate (v)

            chetvI'

            torpedo tube (n)

            chev

            separate (v)

            che'

            rule, reign, run (v)

            chIch

            purposely, on purpose, intentionally

            (adv)

            chID

            admit (v)

            chIj

            navigate (v)

            chIjwI'

            navigator (n)

            chIm

            be empty, deserted, uninhabited (v)

            chIp

            cut, trim (hair) (v)[[p.83]]

            chIrgh

            temple (structure) (n)

            chIS

            be white (v)

            choH

            alter, change (v)

            choH

            change (n)

            chol

            close in, get closer, come nearer (v)

            choljaH

            ponytail holder (n)

            chom

            bartender (n)

            chong

            be vertical (v)

            chop

            bite (v)

            choq

            preserve (v)

            chor

            belly (n)

            chorgh

            eight (num)

            chorghDIch

            eighth (num)

            choS

            desert (v)

            choS

            twilight (n)

            chot

            murder (v)

            chovnatlh

            specimen (n)

            chuch

            ice (n)

            chun

            be innocent (v)

            chunDab

            meteor (n)

            chung

            accelerate (v)

            chup

            recommend, suggest (v)

            chuq

            range, distance (n)

            chuQun

            nobility (n)

            chuS

            be noisy (v)

            chut

            law (n)

            chuv

            be left over (v)

            chuvmey

            leftovers (grammatical term) (n)

            chuyDaH

            thrusters (n)

            chu'

            be new (v)

            chu'

            engage, activate (a device) (v)

            Dach

            be absent (v)

            DaH

            now (adv)

            Daj

            be interesting (v)

            Dal

            be boring (v)

            Dan

            occupy (military term) (v)

            Dap

            nonsense (n)

            Daq

            eavesdrop (v)

            DaQ

            ponytail (n)[[p.84]]

            DaS

            boot (n)

            DaSpu'

            boot spike (n)

            Dat

            everywhere (n)

            Daw'

            revolt (v)

            Daw'

            revolt, revolution (n)

            Da'

            corporal (rank) (n)

            Deb

            desert (n)

            Dech

            surround (v)

            Degh

            helm (n)

            DeghwI'

            helmsman (n)

            Dej

            collapse (v)

            Del

            describe (v)

            DenIb

            Denebia (n)

            DenIbngan

            Denebian (n)

            DenIb Qatlh

            Denebian slime devil (n)

            Dep

            being (nonhumanoid) (n)

            DeQ

            credit (monetary unit) (n)

            DeS

            arm (body part) (n)

            Dev

            lead, guide (v)

            De'

            data, information (n)

            De'wI'

            computer (n)

            DIb

            privilege (n)

            DIch

            certainty (n)

            DIl

            pay for (v)

            DIlyum

            trillium (n)

            DIng

            spin (v)

            DIp

            noun (n)

            DIr

            skin (n)

            DIS

            cave (n)

            DIS

            confess (v)

            DIS

            year (Klingon) (n)

            DIv

            be guilty (v)

            DIvI'

            federation, organization (n)

            DIvI'may'Duj

            Federation battle cruiser (n)

            Do

            velocity (n)

            Doch

            be rude (v)

            Doch

            thing (n)

            Dogh

            be foolish, silly (v)

            Doghjey

            unconditional surrender (n)

            DoH

            back away from, back off, get away

            from (v)[[p.85]]

            Doj

            be impressive (v)

            Dol

            entity (n)

            Dom

            radan (crude dilithium crystal) (n)

            Don

            be parallel, go parallel to (v)

            Dop

            side (n)

            Doq

            be orange, red (v)

            DoQ

            claim (territory) (v)

            Dor

            escort (v)

            DoS

            target (n)

            Dotlh

            status (n)

            Doy'

            be tired (v)

            Doy'yuS

            Troyius (n)

            Do'

            be fortunate, lucky (v)

            Do'

            luckily, with luck (adv)

            Dub

            back (of body) (n)

            Dub

            improve (v)

            DuD

            mix (v)

            Dugh

            be vigilant (v)

            DuH

            be possible (v)

            DuH

            possibility, option (n)

            Duj

            instincts (n)

            Duj

            ship, vessel (n)

            Dum

            nap (v)

            Dun

            be wonderful, great (v)

            Dung

            area above, area overhead (n)

            Dup

            strategy (n)

            DuQ

            stab (v)

            DuS

            torpedo tube (n)

            DuSaQ

            school (n)

            Duv

            advance (v)

            Duy

            agent, emissary (n)

            Duy'

            be defective (v)

            Duy'

            defect (n)

            Du'

            farm (n)

            ghagh

            gargle (v)

            ghaH

            he, she, him, her (pro)

            ghaj

            have, possess (v)

            ghap

            or, either/or (joining nouns) (conj)

            ghaq

            contribute (v)[[p.86]]

            ghar

            conduct diplomacy (v)

            ghar

            diplomacy (n)

            ghargh

            serpent, worm (n)

            gharwI'

            diplomat (n)

            ghatlh

            dominate (v)

            ghegh

            be rough (v)

            ghem

            midnight snack (n)

            ghIb

            consent (v)

            ghIch

            nose (n)

            ghIgh

            necklace (n)

            ghIH

            be messy, sloppy (v)

            ghIj

            scare (v)

            ghIm

            exile (v)

            ghIpDIj

            court-martial (v)

            ghIQ

            vacation, take a vacation (v)

            ghIr

            descend (v)

            ghItlh

            manuscript (n)

            ghItlh

            write (v)

            gho

            circle (n)

            ghob

            ethics (n)

            ghobe'

            no (answer to a question) (excl)

            ghoch

            destination (n)

            ghoD

            stuff (v)

            ghogh

            voice (n)

            ghoH

            argue, dispute (v)

            ghoj

            learn (v)

            ghojmoH

            teach, instruct (v)

            ghojwI'

            student (n)

            ghol

            opponent, adversary (n)

            ghom

            group, party (n)

            ghom

            meet, encounter, assemble, rendez-

            vous (v)

            ghomHa'

            scatter, disperse (v)

            ghom'a'

            crowd (n)

            ghong

            abuse (n)

            ghong

            abuse (v)

            ghop

            hand (n)

            ghopDap

            asteroid (n)

            ghoq

            spy (v)

            ghoqwI'

            spy (n)

            ghor

            break (v)[[p.87]]

            ghor

            surface (of a planet) (n)

            ghorgh

            when? (ques)

            ghoS

            approach, go away from, proceed,

            come, follow (a course) (v)

            ghoS

            thrust (v)

            ghot

            person (humanoid) (n)

            ghov

            recognize (v)

            gho'

            step on (v)

            gho'Do

            sublight speed (n)

            ghu

            baby (n)

            ghuH

            alert (n)

            ghuH

            prepare for, be alerted to (v)

            ghuHmoH

            alert, warn (v)

            ghum

            alarm (n)

            ghum

            alarm, sound an alarm (v)

            ghun

            program (a computer) (v)

            ghung

            be hungry (v)

            ghup

            swallow (v)

            ghur

            increase (v)

            ghuS

            be prepared, ready (to launch) (v)

            ghu'

            situation (n)

            Hab

            be smooth (v)

            HablI'

            data transceiving device (n)

            Hach

            be developed (e.g., civilization) (v)

            HaD

            study (v)

            Hagh

            laugh (v)

            Haj

            dread (v)

            Hal

            source (n)

            HanDogh

            nacelle (n)

            Hap

            matter (n)

            Haq

            surgery (n)

            HaQchor

            saccharin (n)

            Har

            believe (v)

            HaSta

            visual display (n)

            Hat

            be illegal (v)

            Hat

            temperature (n)

            Hatlh

            country, countryside (n)

            Haw'

            flee, get out (v)

            Hay'

            duel (v)

            Ha'

            let's go, come on (excl)[[p.88]]

            Ha'DIbaH

            animal (n)

            He

            course, route (n)

            Hech

            intend, mean to (v)

            HeD

            retreat (v)

            HeDon

            parallel course (n)

            Hegh

            die (v)

            HeghmoH

            be fatal (v)

            HeH

            edge (n)

            Hej

            rob (v)

            Hem

            be proud (v)

            HeQ

            comply (v)

            Hergh

            medicine (n)

            HeS

            commit a crime (v)

            HeS

            crime (n)

            HeSwI'

            criminal (n)

            Hev

            receive (v)

            He'

            smell, emit odor (v)

            He'So'

            stink (v)

            HIch

            handgun (n)

            HIchDal

            airlock (n)

            HIDjolev

            menu (n)

            HIgh

            fight dirty (v)

            HIja'

            yes, true (answer to yes/no question)

            (excl)

            HIp

            uniform (n)

            HIq

            liquor (n)

            HISlaH

            yes, true (answer to yes/no question)

            (excl)

            HIv

            attack (v)

            HIvje'

            glass (tumbler) (n)

            HI'

            dictator (n)

            HI'tuy

            dictatorship (n)

            Hob

            yawn (v)

            Hoch

            everyone, all, everything (n)

            HoD

            captain (n)

            Hogh

            week (Klingon) (n)

            HoH

            kill (v)

            HoH'egh

            commit suicide (v)

            Hoj

            be cautious (v)

            Hol

            language (n)

            Hom

            bone (n)[[p.89]]

            Hon

            doubt (v)

            Hong

            impulse power (n)

            Hop

            be remote, far (v)

            Hoq

            expedition (n)

            Hoqra'

            tricorder (n)

            HoS

            be strong (v)

            HoS

            strength, energy, power (n)

            HoSchem

            energy field (n)

            HoSDo'

            energy beings (n)

            HoSghaj

            be powerful (v)

            Hot

            touch, feel (v)

            Hotlh

            project, put on (screen) (v)

            Hotlh

            scan (v)

            HotlhwI'

            scanner (n)

            Hov

            star (n)

            Hovtay'

            star system (n)

            Hoy'

            congratulate (v)

            Ho'

            admire (v)

            Ho'

            tooth (n)

            Ho''oy'

            toothache (n)

            Hu

            zoo (n)

            Hub

            defend (v)

            Hub

            defense (n)

            Huch

            money (n)

            HuD

            mountain, hill (n)

            Hugh

            throat (n)

            Huj

            be strange (v)

            Huj

            charge (up) (v)

            Hum

            be sticky (v)

            Human

            human (n)

            Hung

            security (n)

            Hup

            punish (v)

            Huq

            transact (v)

            Hur

            outside (n)

            Hurgh

            be dark (v)

            Hurgh

            pickle (cucumber) (n)

            HuS

            hang (v)

            Hut

            nine (num)

            HutDIch

            ninth (num)

            Huv

            be clear, not obstructed (v)

            Huy'

            eyebrow (n)[[p.90]]

            Hu'

            days ago (n)

            Hu'

            get up (v)

            jab

            serve (food) (v)

            jabbI'ID

            data transmission (n)

            jach

            scream, cry out, shout, yell (v)

            jagh

            enemy (n)

            jaH

            go (v)

            jaj

            day (from dawn to dawn) (n)

            jajlo'

            dawn (n)

            jan

            device (n)

            jang

            answer, reply (v)

            jaq

            be bold (v)

            jar

            month (Klingon) (n)

            jat

            tongue (n)

            jatlh

            say (v)

            jav

            six (num)

            javDIch

            sixth (num)

            jaw

            chat (v)

            jaw

            lord (n)

            ja'

            tell, report (v)

            ja'chuq

            discuss, confer (v)

            je

            also, and (joining nouns) (conj)

            jech

            disguise (v)

            jegh

            surrender, give up (v)

            jeH

            be absentminded (v)

            jej

            be sharp (v)

            jen

            be high (v)

            jeQ

            be self-confident (v)

            jeS

            participate (v)

            jev

            storm (v)

            jey

            defeat (v)

            je'

            buy, purchase (v)

            je'

            feed (someone else) (v)

            jIb

            hair (on head) (n)

            jIH

            I, me (pro)

            jIH

            viewing screen (n)

            jIj

            cooperate (v)

            jIl

            neighbor (n)

            jInmol

            project (n)

            jIp

            penalty (n)[[p.91]]

            jIv

            be ignorant (v)

            jo

            resources (n)

            joch

            be harmful (v)

            joD

            stoop (v)

            joH

            lord (n)

            joj

            area between (n)

            jojlu'

            consul (n)

            jol

            beam (aboard) (v)

            jol

            transport beam (n)

            jolpa'

            transport room (n)

            jolvoy'

            transporter ionizer unit (n)

            jon

            capture (v)

            jonta'

            engine (n)

            jonwI'

            engineer (n)

            joq

            flap, flutter, wave (v)

            joq

            or, and/or (joining nouns) (conj)

            joqwI'

            flag (n)

            jor

            explode (v)

            jorwI'

            explosive (n)

            joS

            gossip (v)

            joS

            rumor, gossip (n)

            jot

            be calm (v)

            jotHa'

            be uneasy (v)

            jotlh

            take down (v)

            joy'

            torture (v)

            jo'

            machinery (n)

            jub

            be immortal (v)

            jubbe'

            be mortal (v)

            juH

            home (n)

            jum

            be odd (v)

            jun

            evade, take evasive action (v)

            jup

            friend (n)

            juS

            overtake, pass (v)

            juv

            measure (v)

            lab

            transmit data (away from a place) (v)

            lach

            exaggerate (v)

            laD

            read (v)

            laH

            ability (n)

            laj

            accept (v)

            laj

            acceptance (n)[[p.92]]

            lalDan

            religion (n)

            lam

            be dirty (v)

            lam

            dirt (n)

            lan

            place (v)

            lang

            be thin (v)

            laQ

            fire, energize (e.g., thrusters) (v)

            largh

            smell, sense odors (v)

            laSvargh

            factory (n)

            law'

            be many (v)

            lay'

            promise (v)

            la'

            commander (n)

            legh

            see (v)

            leH

            maintain (v)

            leH

            maintenance (n)

            lel

            get out, take out (v)

            leng

            roam, travel, rove (v)

            leng

            trip, voyage (n)

            lengwI'

            rover (grammatical term) (n)

            leQ

            switch (n)

            leS

            days from now (n)

            leS

            rest, relax (v)

            leSpoH

            shore leave (n)

            let

            be hard (like a rock) (v)

            le'

            be special, exceptional (v)

            lIgh

            ride (v)

            lIH

            introduce (v)

            lIj

            forget (v)

            lIm

            panic (v)

            lInDab

            espionage (n)

            lIng

            produce (v)

            lIq

            round up (v)

            lIS

            adjust (v)

            lIy

            comet (n)

            lI'

            be useful (v)

            lI'

            transmit data (to a place) (v)

            lob

            obey (v)

            lobHa'

            disobey (v)

            loch

            mustache (n)

            loD

            male, man (n)

            loDHom

            boy (n)

            loDnal

            husband (n)[[p.93]]

            loDnI'

            brother (n)

            logh

            space (n)

            loH

            administer (v)

            loH

            administration (n)

            loj

            be all gone (v)

            lojmIt

            door, gate (n)

            lolSeHcha

            attitude-control thrusters (n)

            lom

            corpse (n)

            lon

            abandon (v)

            lop

            celebrate (v)

            loQ

            slightly, a little bit (adv)

            loS

            four (num)

            loS

            wait (for) (v)

            loSDIch

            fourth (num)

            loSpev

            quadrotriticale (n)

            lot

            catastrophe (n)

            lotlh

            rebel (v)

            lotlhwI'

            rebel (n)

            loy

            guess (v)

            lo'

            use (v)

            lo'laH

            be valuable (v)

            lo'laHbe'

            be worthless (v)

            luch

            equipment, gear (n)

            lugh

            be right, correct (v)

            luH

            yank (v)

            luj

            fail (v)

            lulIgh

            refuge (n)

            lum

            postpone, procrastinate (v)

            lup

            second (of time) (n)

            lup

            transport (v)

            luq

            yes, okay, I will (excl)

            lur

            pupil (of eye) (n)

            lurDech

            tradition (n)

            lut

            story (n)

            lutlh

            be primitive (v)

            lu'

            yes, okay, I will (excl)

            mab

            treaty (n)

            mach

            be small (v)

            magh

            betray (v)

            maghwI'

            traitor (n)[[p.94]]

            maH

            ten (number-forming element) (num)

            maH

            we, us (pro)

            maj

            good (expressing satisfaction) (excl)

            majQa'

            well done, very good (excl)

            malja'

            business (n)

            mang

            soldier (n)

            mangghom

            army (n)

            maq

            proclaim (v)

            maS

            moon (n)

            maS

            prefer (v)

            maSwov

            moonlight (n)

            matHa'

            gunner (n)

            mavjop

            paper clip (n)

            maw

            offend (v)

            maw'

            be crazy (v)

            may

            be fair (v)

            may'

            battle (n)

            may'Duj

            battle cruiser (n)

            may'morgh

            battle array (n)

            ma'

            accommodate (v)

            meb

            guest (n)

            mech

            trade (v)

            megh

            lunch (n)

            meH

            bridge (of a ship) (n)

            mem

            catalog (n)

            mep

            plastic (n)

            meq

            reason (n)

            meq

            reason (v)

            meQ

            burn (v)

            mer

            surprise (v)

            mev

            stop, cease (v)

            mIch

            sector, zone (n)

            mID

            colony (n)

            mIgh

            be evil (v)

            mIm

            delay (v)

            mIn

            eye (n)

            mIp

            be rich (v)

            mIqta'

            machinery (n)

            mIr

            chain (n)

            mIS

            be confused, mixed up (v)

            mIS

            confusion (n)[[p.95]]

            mISmoH

            confuse (v)

            mIv

            helmet (n)

            mIy

            brag (v)

            mI'

            number (n)

            mob

            be alone (v)

            moch

            superior (n)

            moD

            hurry (v)

            mogh

            be frustrated (v)

            moH

            be ugly (v)

            moHaq

            prefix (n)

            moj

            become (v)

            mojaq

            suffix (n)

            mol

            bury (v)

            mol

            grave (n)

            mon

            capital (of a place) (n)

            mong

            neck (n)

            mongDech

            collar (n)

            mop

            robe (n)

            moQ

            sphere (n)

            moS

            compromise (v)

            motlh

            be usual (v)

            motlhbe'

            be unusual (v)

            moy'bI'

            slingshot (n)

            mo'

            cage (n)

            mub

            be legal (v)

            much

            present (v)

            much

            presentation (n)

            muD

            atmosphere (n)

            mugh

            translate (v)

            mughato'

            mugato (n)

            mughwI'

            translator (n)

            muH

            execute, put to death (v)

            muj

            be wrong (v)

            mul

            be stubborn (v)

            mung

            origin (n)

            mup

            impact, strike (v)

            muS

            hate, detest (v)

            mut

            be selfish (v)

            mut

            species (n)

            muv

            join (v)

            mu'

            word (n)[[p.96]]

            mu'ghom

            dictionary (n)

            mu'tay'

            vocabulary (n)

            mu'tlhegh

            sentence (n)

            nab

            plan (v)

            nach

            head (n)

            naDev

            here, hereabouts (n)

            nagh

            rock, stone (n)

            naj

            dream (v)

            nap

            be simple (v)

            nargh

            appear (v)

            naS

            be vicious (v)

            nav

            paper (n)

            nawlogh

            squadron (n)

            naw'

            access (v)

            nay

            marry (wife does this) (v)

            nay'

            course, dish (at a meal) (n)

            nech

            be lateral, move laterally (v)

            negh

            soldiers (n)

            neH

            only, merely, just (adv)

            neH

            want (v)

            neHmaH

            neutral zone (n)

            nej

            look for, seek, search for (v)

            nem

            years from now (n)

            nep

            lie, fib (v)

            net

            that (previous topic) (pro)

            netlh

            ten thousand (num)

            ne'

            yeoman (n)

            nIb

            be identical (v)

            nIch

            ammunition (n)

            nID

            attempt, try (v)

            nIH

            right (side) (n)

            nIH

            steal (v)

            nIHwI'

            thief (n)

            nIj

            leak (v)

            nIn

            fuel (n)

            nIQ

            breakfast (n)

            nIS

            hinder, interfere (v)

            nItlh

            finger (n)

            nIv

            be superior (v)[[p.97]]

            nIvnav

            pajamas (n)

            nI'

            be long, lengthy (duration) (v)

            nob

            gift (n)

            nob

            give (v)

            noch

            sensor (n)

            noD

            retaliate (v)

            nogh

            writhe (v)

            noH

            judge, estimate (v)

            noj

            lend (v)

            nol

            funeral (n)

            nom

            fast, quickly (adv)

            non

            be rotten (v)

            nong

            be passionate (v)

            nop

            omit (v)

            noSvagh

            deodorant (n)

            not

            never (adv)

            nov

            alien, foreigner (n)

            nov

            be foreign, alien (v)

            noy

            be famous, well known (v)

            no'

            ancestors (n)

            nub

            be suspect (v)

            nubwI'

            predecessor (n)

            nuch

            coward (n)

            nuD

            examine (v)

            nugh

            society (n)

            nuH

            weapon (n)

            nuHHom

            small arms (n)

            nuj

            mouth (n)

            num

            promote (v)

            nung

            precede (v)

            nup

            decrease (v)

            nural

            Neural (n)

            nuralngan

            Neuralese (n)

            nuq

            what? (ques)

            nuqDaq

            where? (ques)

            nuqneH

            what do you want? (greeting) (excl)

            nuQ

            annoy, bother (v)

            nur

            dignity (n)

            nuS

            ridicule (v)

            nuv

            person (humanoid) (n)[[p.98]]

            ngab

            disappear, vanish (v)

            ngach

            debate (v)

            ngan

            inhabitant (n)

            ngaq

            support (military term) (n)

            ngaS

            contain (have inside) (v)

            ngat

            gunpowder (n)

            ngav

            writer's cramp (n)

            ngeb

            be counterfeit, false, fake (v)

            ngech

            valley (n)

            ngeD

            be easy (v)

            ngeH

            send (v)

            ngej

            infect (v)

            ngem

            forest, woods (n)

            ngeng

            lake (n)

            ngep

            override (v)

            nger

            theory (n)

            ngev

            sell (v)

            nge'

            take away (v)

            ngIl

            dare (v)

            ngIm

            be putrid (v)

            ngIp

            borrow (v)

            ngIv

            patrol (v)

            ngoD

            fact (n)

            ngoH

            smear (v)

            ngoj

            be restless (v)

            ngong

            experiment (n)

            ngong

            experiment (v)

            ngoq

            code (n)

            ngoQ

            goal (n)

            ngor

            cheat (v)

            ngoS

            dissolve (v)

            ngotlh

            be fanatical (v)

            ngoy'

            be responsible (v)

            ngo'

            be old (not new) (v)

            ngup

            cape (clothing) (n)

            ngu'

            identify (v)

            pab

            follow (rules) (v)

            pab

            grammar (n)

            pagh

            nothing, none (n)[[p.99]]

            pagh

            or, either/or (joining sentences) (conj)

            pagh

            zero (num)

            paH

            gown (n)

            paj

            resign (v)

            paq

            book (n)

            paQDI'norgh

            teachings (n)

            par

            dislike (v)

            parHa'

            like (v)

            paSlogh

            socks (n)

            pat

            system (n)

            pav

            be urgent (v)

            paw

            arrive (v)

            paw'

            collide (v)

            pay

            regret (v)

            pay'

            suddenly (adv)

            pa'

            room (n)

            pa'

            there, over there, thereabouts (n)

            peD

            snow (v)

            pegh

            keep something secret (v)

            pegh

            secret (n)

            pej

            demolish (v)

            pem

            daytime (n)

            pemjep

            midday (n)

            peng

            torpedo (n)

            pep

            raise (v)

            per

            label (n)

            per

            label (v)

            pey

            acid (n)

            pe'

            cut (v)

            pIch

            blame (v)

            pIch

            fault, blame (n)

            pIgh

            ruins (n)

            pIH

            expect (v)

            pIH

            be suspicious (v)

            pIj

            often (adv)

            pIm

            be different (v)

            pIn

            boss (n)

            pIp

            spine (n)

            pIqaD

            Klingon writing system (n)

            pItlh

            done (excl)[[p.100]]

            pIv

            be healthy (v)

            pIvghor

            warp drive (n)

            pIvlob

            warp factor (n)[TKD K-E]

            pI'

            be fat (v)

            po

            morning (n)

            pob

            hair (on body) (n)

            poch

            plant (v)

            poD

            be clipped (v)

            pogh

            glove (n)

            poH

            period of time (n)

            poH

            time (v)

            poj

            analysis (n)

            poj

            analyze (v)

            pol

            keep, save (v)

            pom

            dysentery (n)

            pon

            persuade, convince (v)

            pong

            name (n)

            pong

            name, call (v)

            poq

            indigestion (n)

            poQ

            demand, require (v)

            porgh

            body (n)

            poS

            be open, opened (v)

            poS

            left (side) (n)

            poSmoH

            open (v)

            potlh

            consequential thing, something

            important (n)

            pov

            afternoon (n)

            pov

            be excellent (v)

            po'

            be expert, skilled (v)

            pub

            boil (v)

            puch

            toilet (n)

            puchpa'

            washroom (n)

            pugh

            dregs (n)

            puH

            land (n)

            puj

            be weak (v)

            pujmoH

            weaken (v)

            pujwI'

            weakling (n)

            pum

            accusation (n)

            pum

            accuse (v)

            pum

            fall (v)

            pung

            mercy (n)[[p.101]]

            pup

            be perfect, exact (v)

            pup

            kick (v)

            puq

            child, offspring (n)

            puqbe'

            daughter (n)

            puqloD

            son (n)

            puQ

            be fed up (v)

            puS

            be few, be several, be a handful (v)

            puS

            sight (with gunsight) (v)

            puv

            fly (v)

            puy

            wreck (v)

            puyjaq

            nova (n)

            pu'

            phaser (n)

            pu'beH

            phaser rifle (n)

            pu'beq

            phaser crew (n)

            pu'DaH

            phaser banks (n)

            pu'HIch

            phaser pistol (n)

            qab

            be bad (v)

            qab

            face (n)

            qach

            building, structure (n)

            qagh

            interrupt (v)

            qaH

            sir (n)

            qal

            be corrupt (v)

            qalmoH

            corrupt (v)

            qam

            foot (n)

            qama'

            prisoner (n)

            qan

            be old (not young) (v)

            qap

            insist (v)

            qaS

            occur, happen (v)

            qat

            wrap (v)

            qatlh

            why? (ques)

            qaw

            remember (v)

            qawHaq

            memory banks (n)

            qawmoH

            remind (v)

            qay'

            be a problem, be a hassle (v)

            qa'vam

            Genesis (n)

            qech

            idea (n)

            qeD

            vacate (v)

            qeH

            resent (v)

            qej

            be grouchy, mean (v)

            qelI'qam

            kellicam (n)[[p.102]]

            qem

            bring (v)

            qempa'

            ancestor (n)

            qeng

            carry, convey (v)

            qep

            meeting (n)

            qeq

            drill (military) (n)

            qeq

            practice, train, prepare (v)

            qeS

            advice (n)

            qeS

            advise (v)

            qet

            run, jog (v)

            qetlh

            be dull, uninteresting (v)

            qev

            crowd (v)

            qevaS

            kevas (n)

            qevpob

            cheek (n)

            qIb

            galaxy (n)

            qIbHeS

            galactic rim (n)

            qIch

            condemn (v)

            qIgh

            shortcut (n)

            qIH

            meet (for the first time) (v)

            qIj

            be black (v)

            qIl

            cancel (v)

            qIm

            pay attention, concentrate (v)

            qImHa'

            disregard (v)

            qIp

            hit (with hand, fist, implement) (v)

            qIQ

            mutiny (v)

            qIv

            knee (n)

            qI'

            sign (a treaty) (v)

            qoch

            partner (n)

            qogh

            belt (n)

            qoH

            fool (n)

            qoj

            cliff (n)

            qoj

            or, and/or (joining sentences) (conj)

            qon

            record (v)

            qop

            arrest (v)

            qoq

            robot (n)

            qor

            scavenge (v)

            qorDu'

            family (n)

            qotlh

            tickle (v)

            qoS

            birthday (n)

            qoy'

            plead, beg (v)

            qub

            be rare (v)

            quch

            kidnap (v)[[p.103]]

            qugh

            cruise (v)

            quHvaj

            dandruff (n)

            qul

            fire (n)

            qum

            govern (v)

            qum

            government (n)

            qun

            history (n)

            qun

            scold (v)

            qup

            elder (n)

            quprIp

            Council of Elders (n)

            quq

            happen simultaneously (v)

            qur

            be greedy (v)

            quS

            chair (n)

            qut

            crystal (geologic formation) (n)

            qu'

            be fierce (v)

            Qab

            theragen (n)

            QaD

            be dry (v)

            Qagh

            error, mistake (n)

            Qagh

            err, be mistaken, make a mistake (v)

            QaH

            help, aid (v)

            Qam

            stand (v)

            Qan

            protect (v)

            Qap

            work, function, succeed (v)

            Qapla'

            success (n)

            QaQ

            be good (v)

            Qargh

            fissure (n)

            QaS

            troops (n)

            Qat

            be popular (v)

            Qatlh

            be difficult (v)

            Qav

            be final, last (v)

            Qaw'

            destroy (n)[[(n)=>(v)]]

            Qay

            transfer (v)

            Qay'

            blow one's top (v)

            Qa'

            type of animal (n)

            Qeb

            ring (for finger) (n)

            QeD

            science (n)

            QeDpIn

            science officer (n)

            QeH

            anger (n)

            QeH

            be angry, mad (v)

            Qel

            doctor, physician (n)

            Qey

            be tight (v)

            QeyHa'

            be loose (v)[[p.104]]

            QeyHa'moH

            loosen (v)

            QeymoH

            tighten (v)

            Qe'

            restaurant (n)

            QIghpej

            Klingon agonizer (n)

            QIb

            shadow (n)

            QIch

            speech (vocal sounds) (n)

            QID

            wound (v)

            QIH

            damage, cause damage (v)

            QIH

            damage, destruction (n)

            QIj

            explain (v)

            QIp

            be stupid (v)

            QIt

            slowly (adv)

            QIv

            be inferior (v)

            QI'

            military (n)

            Qob

            be dangerous (v)

            Qob

            danger (n)

            Qoch

            disagree (v)

            Qochbe'

            agree (v)

            QoD

            maneuver (engines) (v)

            Qogh

            type of animal (n)

            Qoj

            make war (v)

            Qom

            experience an earthquake or tremor (v)

            QonoS

            journal, log (n)

            Qong

            sleep (v)

            Qop

            be worn out (v)

            QopmoH

            wear out (v)

            Qorgh

            take care of, care for (v)

            QoS

            be sorry (v)

            Qot

            lie, recline (v)

            Qotlh

            disable (v)

            Qoy

            hear (v)

            Qo'

            no, I won't, I refuse (excl)

            Qub

            think (v)

            Quch

            be happy (v)

            Quch

            forehead (n)

            QuchHa'

            be unhappy (v)

            QuD

            insurrection (n)

            Qugh

            disaster (n)

            Quj

            game (n)

            Quj

            play a game (v)

            Qul

            research (v)[[p.105]]

            Qum

            communicate (v)

            QumpIn

            communications officer (n)

            QumwI'

            communicator, communications

            device (n)

            Qup

            be young (v)

            QuQ

            engine (n)

            QuS

            conspiracy (n)

            QuS

            conspire (v)

            Qut

            be vulgar (v)

            Quv

            coordinates (n)

            Qu'

            duty, quest, mission, task, chore (n)

            raD

            force, compel (v)

            ragh

            decay (v)

            ral

            be violent (v)

            ram

            be trivial, trifling, unimportant (v)

            ram

            night (n)

            ramjep

            midnight (n)

            rap

            be the same (v)

            rar

            connect (v)

            raQ

            camp (military term) (n)

            raQpo'

            passenger (n)

            ratlh

            remain (v)

            rav

            floor (n)

            ray'

            targets (n)

            ra'

            order, command (v)

            ra'wI'

            commander (n)

            reghuluS

            Regulus (n)

            reghuluSngan

            Regulan (n)

            reghuluS

            'Iwghargh

            Regulan bloodworm (n)

            reH

            always (adv)

            reH

            play (v)

            rejmorgh

            worrywart (n)[TKD K-E]

            rep

            hour (n)

            retlh

            area beside, area next to (n)

            rewbe'

            citizen (n)

            rIgh

            be lame (v)

            rIH

            energize (v)

            rIHwI'

            energizer (n)

            rIn

            be accomplished, finished (v)[[p.106]]

            rIp

            council, assembly (n)[TKD K-E]

            rIQ

            be injured (v)

            rIQmoH

            injure (v)

            rIvSo'

            embassy (n)

            rIymuS

            Remus (n)

            ro

            trunk (of body) (n)

            roghvaH

            population (n)

            roj

            make peace (v)

            roj

            peace (n)

            rojHom

            truce (n)

            rojmab

            peace treaty (n)

            rol

            beard (n)

            rom

            accord (n)

            romuluS

            Romulus (n)

            romuluSngan

            Romulan (n)

            rop

            be sick, ill (v)

            rop

            disease (n)

            ropyaH

            infirmary (n)

            roQ

            put down (v)

            ror

            be fat (v)

            rotlh

            be tough (v)

            ro'

            fist (n)

            rugh

            antimatter (n)

            ruQ

            control manually, by hand (v)

            rup

            fine, tax (v)

            rur

            resemble (v)

            rut

            sometimes (adv)

            ruv

            justice (n)

            ru'

            be temporary (v)

            Sab

            decline, deteriorate (v)

            Sach

            expand (v)

            SaD

            thousand (num)

            Sagh

            be serious (v)

            SaH

            be present (not absent) (v)

            SaH

            care (about), be concerned (about) (v)

            Saj

            pet (n)

            Sal

            ascend (v)

            San

            fate (n)

            SanID

            thousand (num)

            Sang

            obliterate (v)[[p.107]]

            Sap

            volunteer (v)

            Saq

            land (v)

            Saqghom

            landing party (n)

            SaQ

            cry (v)

            Sar

            be varied, various (v)

            Sar

            variety (n)

            Satlh

            agriculture (n)

            SaS

            be horizontal (v)

            Saw

            marry (husband does this) (v)

            Say'

            be clean (v)

            Sa'

            general (rank) (n)

            Segh

            race (type, sort, class) (n)

            SeH

            control (v)

            SeHlaw

            control panel (n)

            Seng

            cause trouble (v)

            Seng

            trouble (n)

            Sep

            breed (v)

            Sep

            region (n)

            Seq

            fault (seismic) (n)

            Ser

            progress (n)

            SermanyuQ

            Sherman's Planet (n)

            SeS

            steam (n)

            Sev

            bandage (n)

            Sev

            contain (an enemy) (v)

            Sey

            be excited (v)

            SeymoH

            excite (v)

            Se'

            frequency (radio) (n)

            SIbDoH

            satellite (n)

            SIch

            reach (v)

            SID

            patient (n)

            SIgh

            influence (v)

            SIH

            bend (v)

            SIj

            slit (v)

            SIm

            calculate (v)

            SIp

            gas (n)

            SIQ

            endure, bear (v)

            SIS

            rain (v)

            SIv

            wonder (v)

            Soch

            seven (num)

            SochDIch

            seventh (num)

            SoD

            flood (n)[[p.108]]

            SoD

            flood (v)

            SoH

            you (pro)

            Sol

            quarrel (v)

            Som

            hull (n)

            Somraw

            muscle (n)

            Son

            relieve (v)

            Sop

            eat (v)

            SoQ

            be closed, shut (v)

            SoQ

            speech, lecture, address (n)

            SoQmoH

            close, shut (v)

            Sor

            tree (n)

            Sorgh

            sabotage (v)

            SoS

            mother (n)

            SoSnI'

            grandmother (n)

            Sot

            be distressed, be in distress (v)

            Sotlaw'

            distress call (n)

            Sov

            know (v)

            Soy'

            be clumsy (v)

            So'

            hide, cloak (v)

            So'wI'

            cloaking device (n)

            Sub

            be solid (v)

            Such

            visit (v)

            SuD

            be green, blue, yellow (v)

            SuH

            ready, standing by (excl)

            Suj

            disturb (v)

            Sun

            discipline (n)

            Sung

            native (n)

            Sup

            jump (v)

            Sup

            resource (n)

            Suq

            acquire, obtain, get (v)

            SuQ

            be toxic (v)

            Surchem

            force field (n)

            Surgh

            skin (v)

            SuS

            wind, breeze (n)

            Sut

            clothing (n)

            Sutlh

            negotiate (v)

            Suv

            fight (v)

            Suy

            merchant (n)

            SuyDuj

            merchant ship (n)

            Su'

            ready, standing by (excl)[[p.109]]

            ta

            record (n)

            tach

            bar, saloon, cocktail lounge (n)

            taD

            be frozen (v)

            taDmoH

            freeze (v)

            taH

            be at a negative angle (v)

            taj

            knife, dagger (n)

            tam

            be quiet (v)

            tam

            exchange, substitute (v)

            tammoH

            silence (v)

            taQ

            be weird (v)

            taQbang

            exhaust (n)

            tar

            poison (n)

            taS

            solution (liquid) (n)

            tat

            ion (n)

            tay

            be civilized (v)

            taymoH

            civilize (v)

            tayqeq

            civilization (n)

            tay'

            be together (v)

            ta'

            accomplish (v)

            ta'

            accomplishment (n)

            ta'

            emperor (n)

            teb

            fill (v)

            teblaw'

            jurisdiction (n)

            teH

            be true (v)

            tej

            scientist (n)

            tel

            wing (n)

            telun Hovtay'

            Tellun Star System (n)

            tem

            deny (v)

            ten

            embark (v)

            tengchaH

            space station (n)

            tep

            cargo (n)

            tepqengwI'

            cargo carrier (n)

            teq

            remove, take off (v)

            tera'

            Earth (n)

            tera'ngan

            Terran, Earther (n)

            tet

            melt (v)

            tev

            prize (n)

            tey'

            confide (v)

            tI

            vegetation (n)

            tIch

            insult (v)[[p.110]]

            tIgh

            custom (n)

            tIH

            ray (n)

            tIj

            board, go aboard (v)

            tIn

            be big (v)

            tIq

            be long, lengthy (of an object) (v)

            tIq

            heart (n)

            tIQ

            be ancient (v)

            tIr

            grain (n)

            tIS

            be light (weight) (v)

            tIv

            enjoy (v)

            tI'

            fix, repair (v)

            tob

            prove (v)

            toch

            palm (of hand) (n)

            toD

            save, rescue (v)

            togh

            count (v)

            toH

            so, well (excl)

            toj

            deceive, trick (v)

            tongDuj

            freighter (n)

            toplIn

            topaline (n)

            toq

            be inhabited (v)

            tor

            kneel (v)

            toS

            climb (v)

            toy'

            serve (a master) (v)

            toy'wI'

            servant (n)

            to'

            tactics (n)

            tuch

            forbid (v)

            tugh

            soon (adv)

            tuH

            be ashamed (v)

            tuH

            maneuver (military term) (n)

            tuHmoH

            shame (v)

            tuj

            be hot (v)

            tuj

            heat (n)

            tul

            hope (v)

            tum

            agency (n)

            tun

            be soft (v)

            tung

            discourage (v)

            tungHa'

            encourage (v)

            tup

            minute (of time) (n)

            tuQ

            wear (clothes) (v)

            tuQDoq

            mind sifter (Klingon psychic probe) (n)

            tuQHa'moH

            undress (v)[[p.111]]

            tuQmoH

            put on (clothes) (v)

            tut

            column (n)

            tuv

            be patient (v)

            tu'

            discover, find, observe, notice (v)

            tlhab

            be free, independent (v)

            tlhab

            freedom, independence (n)

            tlhap

            take (v)

            tlhaq

            chronometer (n)

            tlhaQ

            be funny (v)

            tlha'

            chase, follow (v)

            tlheD

            depart (v)

            tlhegh

            line, rope (n)

            tlhej

            accompany (v)

            tlhetlh

            progress (v)

            tlhe'

            turn (v)

            tlhIb

            be incompetent (v)

            tlhIch

            smoke (n)

            tlhIH

            you (plural) (pro)

            tlhIl

            mine (v)

            tlhIl

            mineral (n)

            tlhIlwI'

            miner (n)

            tlhIngan

            Klingon (n)

            tlhIngan wo'

            Klingon Empire (n)

            tlhIv

            be insubordinate (v)

            tlhob

            ask (v)

            tlhoch

            contradict (v)

            tlhogh

            marriage (n)

            tlhoj

            realize (v)

            tlhol

            be raw, unprocessed (v)

            tlhon

            nostril (n)

            tlhong

            barter, bargain (v)

            tlhoQ

            conglomeration (n)

            tlhov

            wheeze (v)

            tlhuch

            exhaust (v)

            tlhuH

            breath (n)

            tlhuH

            breathe (v)

            tlhup

            whisper (v)

            tlhutlh

            drink (v)

            tlhu'

            be tempted (v)

            tlhu'moH

            tempt (v)[[p.112]]

            vagh

            five (num)

            vaghDIch

            fifth (num)

            vaH

            holster (n)

            vaj

            so, then, thus, in that case (adv)

            val

            be clever, smart, intelligent (v)

            van

            salute (v)

            vang

            act, take action (v)

            vaQ

            be aggressive (v)

            vatlh

            hundred (num)

            vatlhvI'

            percent (n)

            vav

            father (n)

            vavnI'

            grandfather (n)

            vay'

            somebody, something, anybody,

            anything (n)

            veH

            boundary (n)

            vem

            wake up, cease sleeping (v)

            vemmoH

            wake (someone) up (v)

            veng

            city (n)

            vengHom

            village (n)

            veQ

            garbage (n)

            veQDuj

            garbage scow (n)

            vergh

            dock (n)

            vergh

            dock (v)

            veS

            war (n)

            vetlh

            cockroach (n)

            vIj

            thruster (n)

            vIng

            whine (v)

            vIt

            tell the truth (v)

            vI'

            accumulate (v)

            voDleH

            emperor (n)

            vogh

            somewhere (n)

            voHDajbo'

            ransom (n)

            volchaH

            shoulder (n)

            vong

            hypnotize (v)

            voq

            trust, have faith in (v)

            voqHa'

            distrust (v)

            voQ

            choke (v)

            vor

            cure (v)

            vo'

            propel (v)

            vub

            hostage (n)

            vuD

            opinion (n)[[p.113]]

            vul

            be unconscious (v)

            vulqan

            Vulcan (planet) (n)

            vulqangan

            Vulcan (person) (n)

            vum

            work, toil (v)

            vup

            pity (v)

            vuQ

            fascinate (v)

            vuS

            limit (v)

            vut

            cook (v)

            vutpa'

            galley (n)

            vuv

            respect (v)

            vu'

            manage (v)

            vu'wI'

            manager (n)

            wam

            hunt (v)

            wanI'

            phenomenon, event, occurrence (n)

            waq

            shoe (n)

            waQ

            obstruct (v)

            watlh

            be pure (v)

            wav

            divide (v)

            waw'

            base (military term) (n)

            wa'

            one (num)

            wa'DIch

            first (num)

            wa'Hu'

            yesterday (n)

            wa'leS

            tomorrow (n)

            wa'logh

            once (adv)

            wa'maH

            ten (num)

            wa'maHDIch

            tenth (num)

            web

            be disgraced (v)

            wegh

            confine (v)

            weH

            raid (v)

            wej

            not yet (adv)

            wej

            three (num)

            wejDIch

            third (num)

            wejpuH

            charming (used only ironically) (excl)

            wem

            violate (v)

            wem

            violation (n)

            wep

            jacket, coat (n)

            wew

            glow (v)

            wIb

            be sour (v)

            wIch

            myth (n)

            wIgh

            genius (n)[[p.114]]

            wIH

            be ruthless (v)

            wIj

            farm (v)

            wIv

            choice (n)

            wIv

            choose, select (v)

            wIy

            tactical display (n)

            woD

            throw away (v)

            woH

            pick up (v)

            woQ

            authority, political power (n)

            woS

            chin (n)

            wot

            verb (n)

            wov

            be light, bright (v)

            wo'

            empire (n)

            wuq

            decide (v)

            wuQ

            have a headache (v)

            wuS

            lip (n)

            wutlh

            underground (n)

            wuv

            depend on, rely on (v)

            ya

            tactical officer (n)

            yab

            mind, brain (n)

            yach

            pet, stroke (v)

            yaD

            toe (n)

            yaH

            duty station, station (n)

            yaj

            understand (v)

            yajHa'

            misinterpret (v)

            yap

            be enough, sufficient (v)

            yaS

            officer (n)

            yav

            ground (n)

            yay

            victory, triumph (n)

            yay'

            be shocked, dumbfounded (v)

            yej

            assembly, council (n)

            yem

            sin (v)

            yep

            be careful (v)

            yepHa'

            be careless (v)

            yev

            pause (v)

            yIb

            vent (n)

            yIH

            tribble (n)

            yIn

            life (n)

            yIn

            live (v)

            yInroH

            life signs (n)

            yIntagh

            life-support system (n)[[p.115]]

            yIQ

            be wet (v)

            yIt

            walk (v)

            yIv

            chew (v)

            yIvbeH

            tunic (n)

            yob

            harvest (v)

            yoD

            shield (n)

            yoD

            shield (v)

            yoH

            be brave (v)

            yoj

            judgment (n)

            yol

            conflict (n)

            yon

            be satisfied (v)

            yonmoH

            satisfy (v)

            yong

            get in (v)

            yopwaH

            pants (n)

            yoq

            humanoid (n)

            yoS

            district, area (n)

            yot

            invade (v)

            yot

            invasion (n)

            yotlh

            field (of land) (n)

            yov

            charge (military term) (v)

            yoy

            be upside down (v)

            yo'

            fleet (of ships) (n)

            yuch

            chocolate (n)

            yuD

            be dishonest (v)

            yuDHa'

            be honest (v)

            yupma'

            festival (n)

            yuQ

            planet (n)

            yuQHom

            planetoid (n)

            yuQjIjQa'

            United Federation of Planets (n)

            yuv

            push (v)

            yu'

            question, interrogate (v)

            yu'egh

            wave (n)

            'a

            but, nevertheless, even so, however

            (conj)

            'ach

            but, nevertheless, even so, however

            (conj)

            'aD

            vein (n)

            'ang

            show, reveal (v)

            'ar

            how many? how much? (ques)

            'argh

            worsen (v)[[p.116]]

            'av

            guard (v)

            'avwI'

            guard (n)

            'aw'

            sting (v)

            'ay'

            section (n)

            'eb

            opportunity (n)

            'eH

            ready (excl)

            'ej

            and (joining sentences) (conj)

            'ejDo'

            starship, starship class (n)

            'ejyo'

            Starfleet (n)

            'ejyo'waw'

            star base (n)

            'el

            enter, go in (v)

            'elaS

            Elas (n)

            'eng

            cloud (n)

            'er

            type of animal (n)

            'et

            fore (n)

            'etlh

            sword (n)

            'e'

            that (previous topic) (pro)

            'IH

            be beautiful, handsome (v)

            'Ij

            listen (v)

            'Il

            be sincere (v)

            'Ip

            oath (n)

            'Ip

            vow, swear (v)

            'IQ

            be sad (v)

            'ISjaH

            calendar (n)

            'It

            be depressed (v)

            'Itlh

            be advanced, highly developed (v)

            'Iv

            altitude (n)

            'Iv

            who? (ques)

            'Iw

            blood (n)

            'och

            tunnel (n)

            'ogh

            invent, devise (v)

            'oH

            it (pro)

            'oj

            be thirsty (v)

            'ol

            verify (v)

            'ong

            be cunning, sly (v)

            'orghen

            Organia (n)

            'orghen rojmab

            Organian Peace Treaty (n)

            'orghengan

            Organian (n)

            'oS

            represent (v)

            'oSwI'

            emissary (n)

            'ov

            compete (v)[[p.117]]

            'oy'

            ache, hurt, be sore (v)

            'oy'

            ache, pain, sore (n)

            'o'

            aft (n)

            'ugh

            be heavy (v)

            'uH

            have a hangover, be hung over (v)

            'um

            be qualified (v)

            'uQ

            dinner (n)

            'urmang

            treason (n)

            'uS

            leg (n)

            'ut

            be essential, necessary (v)

            'utlh

            officer (n)

            'uy

            press down (v)

            'uy'

            million (num)

            'u'

            universe (n)[[p.118]]

ENGLISH-KLINGON

            abandon (v)

            lon

            ability (n)

            laH

            area, area above (n)

            Dung

            absent, be absent (v)

            Dach

            absentminded, be absent-

            jeH

            minded (v)

            abuse (n)

            ghong

            abuse (v)

            ghong

            accelerate (v)

            chung

            accept (v)

            laj

            acceptance (n)

            laj

            access (n)

            naw'

            accidentally, by accident (adv)

            bong

            accommodate (v)

            ma'

            accompany (n)

            tlhej[[(n)=>(v)]]

            accomplish (v)

            ta'

            accomplished, be accomplished,

            rIn

            finished (v)

            accomplishment (n)

            ta'

            accord (n)

            rom

            accumulate (v)

            vI'

            accusation (n)

            pum

            accuse (v)

            pum

            ache (n)

            'oy'[[p.119]]

            ache (v)

            'oy'

            achieve (v)

            chav

            achievement (n)

            chav

            acid (n)

            pey

            acquire (v)

            Suq

            act, take action (v)

            vang

            activate (a device) (v)

            chu'

            add (v)

            chel

            address, speech, lecture (n)

            SoQ

            adjust (v)

            lIS

            administer (v)

            loH

            administration (n)

            loH

            admire (v)

            Ho'

            admit (v)

            chID

            advance (v)

            Duv

            advanced, be advanced,

            'Itlh

            highly developed (v)

            adversary (n)

            ghol

            advice (n)

            qeS

            advise (v)

            qeS

            aft (n)

            'o'

            afternoon (n)

            pov

            agency (n)

            tum

            agent (n)

            Duy

            aggressive, be aggressive (v)

            vaQ

            agonizer, Klingon agonizer (n)

            QIghpej

            agony (n)

            bep

            agree (v)

            Qochbe'

            agriculture (n)

            Satlh

            aid (v)

            QaH

            aide (n)

            boQ

            aide-de-camp (n)

            boQDu'

            airlock (n)

            HIchDal

            alarm (n)

            ghum

            alarm, sound an alarm (v)

            ghum

            alert (n)

            ghuH

            alert (v)

            ghuHmoH

            alerted, be alerted to (v)

            ghuH

            alien (n)

            nov

            all (n)

            Hoch[[p.120]]

            all gone, be all gone (v)

            loj

            alliance (n)

            boq

            allow (v)

            chaw'

            alone, be alone (v)

            mob

            also (conj)

            je

            alter (v)

            choH

            altitude (n)

            'Iv

            always (adv)

            reH

            ammunition (n)

            nIch

            analysis (n)

            poj

            analyze (v)

            poj

            ancestor (n)

            qempa'

            ancestors (n)

            no'

            ancient, be ancient (v)

            tIQ

            and (joining nouns) (conj)

            je

            and (joining sentences) (conj)

            'ej

            anger (n)

            QeH

            angry, be angry (v)

            QeH

            animal (n)

            Ha'DIbaH

            animal: different types

            'er, Qogh, Qa'

            of animals (n)

            annoy (v)

            nuQ

            answer (v)

            jang

            antimatter (n)

            rugh

            anyone (n)

            vay'

            appear (v)

            nargh

            approach (v)

            ghoS

            area, district (n)

            yoS

            argue (v)

            ghoH

            arm (body part) (n)

            DeS

            arms (small) (n)

            nuHHom

            army (n)

            mangghom

            arrest (v)

            qop

            arrive (v)

            paw

            ascend (v)

            Sal

            ashamed, be ashamed (v)

            tuH

            ask (v)

            tlhob

            assemble, meet (v)

            ghom

            assembly (n)

            yej

            assist (v)

            boQ[[p.121]]

            asteroid (n)

            ghopDap

            atmosphere (n)

            muD

            attack (v)

            HIv

            attempt (v)

            nID

            attention, pay attention (v)

            qIm

            attitude-control thrusters (n)

            lolSeHcha

            authority (n)

            woQ

            baby (n)

            ghu

            back (of body) (n)

            Dub

            back (of hand) (n)

            chap

            back away from, back off (v)

            DoH

            bad, be bad (v)

            qab

            bandage (n)

            Sev

            bar, saloon, cocktail lounge (n)

            tach

            bartender (n)

            chom

            barter (v)

            tlhong

            base (military term) (n)

            waw'

            battle (n)

            may'

            battle array (n)

            may'morgh

            battle cruiser (n)

            may'Duj

            beam (aboard) (v)

            jol

            beam, transport beam (n)

            jol

            bear, endure (v)

            SIQ

            beard (n)

            rol

            beautiful, be beautiful (v)

            'IH

            become (v)

            moj

            beg, plead (v)

            qoy'

            being (nonhumanoid) (n)

            Dep

            believe (v)

            Har

            belly (n)

            chor

            below, area below (n)

            bIng

            belt (n)

            qogh

            bend (v)

            SIH

            beside, area beside (n)

            retlh

            betray (v)

            magh

            between, area between (n)

            joj

            big, be big (v)

            tIn

            birthday (n)

            qoS[[p.122]]

            bite (v)

            chop

            black, be black (v)

            qIj

            blame (n)

            pIch

            blame (v)

            pIch

            block, prevent (v)

            bot

            blood (n)

            'Iw

            blow one's top (v)

            Qay'

            blue, be blue, green, yellow (v)

            SuD

            board, go aboard (v)

            tIj

            body (n)

            porgh

            boil (v)

            pub

            bold, be bold (v)

            jaq

            bone (n)

            Hom

            book (n)

            paq

            boot (n)

            DaS

            boot spike (n)

            DaSpu'

            boring, be boring (v)

            Dal

            born, be born (v)

            bogh

            borrow (v)

            ngIp

            boss (n)

            pIn

            bother (v)

            nuQ

            boundary (n)

            veH

            boy (n)

            loDHom

            brag (v)

            mIy

            brain, mind (n)

            yab

            brave, be brave (v)

            yoH

            break (v)

            ghor

            break (rules) (v)

            bIv

            breakfast (n)

            nIQ

            breath (n)

            tlhuH

            breathe (v)

            tlhuH

            breed (v)

            Sep

            breeze (n)

            SuS

            bridge (of a ship) (n)

            meH

            bright, be bright, be light (v)

            wov

            bring (v)

            qem

            brother (n)

            loDnI'

            build up, take form (v)

            chen

            building (n)

            qach

            burn (v)

            meQ

            bury (v)

            mol[[p.123]]

            business (n)

            malja'

            but (conj)

            'ach, 'a

            buy (v)

            je'

            cage (n)

            mo'

            calculate (v)

            SIm

            calendar (n)

            'ISjaH

            call, name (v)

            pong

            calm, be calm (v)

            jot

            camp (military term) (n)

            raQ

            cancel (v)

            qIl

            cape (clothing) (n)

            ngup

            capital (of a place) (n)

            mon

            captain (n)

            HoD

            capture (v)

            jon

            care for, take care of (v)

            Qorgh

            care (about), be concerned

            SaH

            (about) (v)

            careful, be careful (v)

            yep

            careless, be careless (v)

            yepHa'

            cargo (n)

            tep

            cargo carrier (n)

            tepqengwI'

            carry (v)

            qeng

            catalog (n)

            mem

            catastrophe (n)

            lot

            cautious, be cautious (v)

            Hoj

            cave (n)

            DIS

            cease, stop (v)

            mev

            celebrate (v)

            lop

            center (n)

            botlh

            certainty (n)

            DIch

            chain (n)

            mIr

            chair (n)

            quS

            change (n)

            choH

            change (v)

            choH

            charge (military term) (v)

            yov

            charge (up) (v)

            Huj

            charming (used only

            wejpuH

            ironically) (excl)

            chase, follow (v)

            tlha'

            chat (v)

            jaw[[p.124]]

            cheat (v)

            ngor

            cheek (n)

            qevpob

            chew (v)

            yIv

            child, offspring (n)

            puq

            chin (n)

            woS

            chocolate (n)

            yuch

            choice (n)

            wIv

            choke (v)

            voQ

            choose (v)

            wIv

            chore, task (n)

            Qu'

            chronometer (n)

            tlhaq

            circle (n)

            gho

            citizen (n)

            rewbe'

            city (n)

            veng

            civilization (n)

            tayqeq

            civilize (v)

            taymoH

            civilized, be civilized (v)

            tay

            claim (territory) (v)

            DoQ

            classification (n)

            buv

            classify (v)

            buv

            clean, be clean (v)

            Say'

            clear, be clear, not obstructed (v)

            Huv

            clever, be clever (v)

            val

            cliff (n)

            qoj

            climb (v)

            toS

            clip (v)

            poDmoH

            clipped, be clipped (v)

            poD

            cloak, hide (v)

            So'

            cloaking device (n)

            So'wI'

            close in, get closer, come nearer (v) chol close, shut (v)

            SoQmoH

            closed, be closed, be shut (v)

            SoQ

            clothing (n)

            Sut

            cloud (n)

            'eng

            clumsy, be clumsy (v)

            Soy'

            coat (n)

            wep

            cockroach (n)

            vetlh

            cocktail lounge, bar (n)

            tach

            code (n)

            ngoq

            cold, be cold (v)

            bIr[[p.125]]

            collapse (v)

            Dej

            collar (n)

            mongDech

            collect (v)

            boS

            collide (v)

            paw'

            colony (n)

            mID

            column (n)

            tut

            come (v)

            ghoS

            come on (excl)

            Ha'

            comet (n)

            lIy

            command (v)

            ra'

            commander (n)

            la', ra'wI'

            commit a crime (v)

            HeS

            communicate (v)

            Qum

            communications officer (n)

            QumpIn

            communicator, communi-

            QumwI'

            cations device (n)

            compel (v)

            raD

            compete (v)

            'ov

            complain (v)

            bep

            comply (v)

            HeQ

            compromise (v)

            moS

            computer (n)

            De'wI'

            concentrate (v)

            qIm

            concentrate on, focus on,

            buS

            think only about (v)

            concern, be concerned (about),

            SaH

            care (about) (v)

            condemn (v)

            qIch

            confer (v)

            ja'chuq

            confess (v)

            DIS

            confide (v)

            tey'

            confine (v)

            wegh

            conflict (n)

            yol

            confuse (v)

            mISmoH

            confused, be confused (v)

            mIS

            confusion (n)

            mIS

            conglomeration (n)

            tlhoQ

            congratulate (v)

            Hoy'

            connect (v)

            rar

            conquer (v)

            chargh[[p.126]]

            consent (v)

            ghIb

            consequential thing, some-

            potlh

            thing important (n)

            conspiracy (n)

            QuS

            conspire (v)

            QuS

            consul (n)

            jojlu'

            contain (an enemy) (v)

            Sev

            contain (have inside) (v)

            ngaS

            contradict (v)

            tlhoch

            contribute (v)

            ghaq

            control (v)

            SeH

            control panel (n)

            SeHlaw

            convey (v)

            qeng

            convince (v)

            pon

            cook (v)

            vut

            cooperate (v)

            yeq

            coordinates (n)

            Quv

            corporal (rank) (n)

            Da'

            corpse (n)

            lom

            correct, be correct (v)

            lugh

            corrupt (v)

            qalmoH

            corrupt, be corrupt (v)

            qal

            council (n)

            yej

            Council of Elders (n)

            quprIp

            count (v)

            togh

            counterfeit, be counterfeit (v)

            ngeb

            country, countryside (n)

            Hatlh

            course, dish (at a meal) (n)

            nay'

            course, route (n)

            He

            court (n)

            bo'DIj

            court-martial (v)

            ghIpDIj

            coward (n)

            nuch

            crazy, be crazy (v)

            maw'

            credit (monetary unit) (n)

            DeQ

            crew, crewman (n)

            beq

            crime (n)

            HeS

            criminal (n)

            HeSwI'

            crowd (n)

            ghom'a'

            crowd (v)

            qev

            cruise (v)

            qugh[[p.127]]

            cry (v)

            SaQ

            cry out, shout, scream (v)

            jach

            crystal (geologic formation) (n)

            qut

            cunning, be cunning (v)

            'ong

            cure (v)

            vor

            custom (n)

            tIgh

            cut (v)

            pe'

            cut, trim (hair) (v)

            chIp

            dagger, knife (n)

            taj

            damage (n)

            QIH

            damage, cause damage (v)

            QIH

            dandruff (n)

            quHvaj

            danger (n)

            Qob

            dangerous, be dangerous (v)

            Qob

            dare (v)

            ngIl

            dark, be dark (v)

            Hurgh

            data (n)

            De'

            data transceiving device (n)

            HablI'

            data transmission (n)

            jabbI'ID

            daughter (n)

            puqbe'

            dawn (n)

            jajlo'

            day (from dawn to dawn) (n)

            jaj

            day after tomorrow (n)

            cha'leS

            day before yesterday (n)

            cha'Hu'

            days ago (n)

            Hu'

            days from now (n)

            leS

            daytime (n)

            pem

            debate (v)

            ngach

            decay (v)

            ragh

            deceive (v)

            toj

            decide (v)

            wuq

            decline, deteriorate (v)

            Sab

            decrease (v)

            nup

            defeat (v)

            jey

            defect (n)

            Duy'

            defect (v)

            cheH

            defective, be defective (v)

            Duy'

            defend (v)

            Hub

            defense (n)

            Hub[[p.128]]

            deflectors (n)

            begh

            delay (v)

            mIm

            demand (v)

            poQ

            demolish (v)

            pej

            Denebia (n)

            DenIbya'

            Denebian (n)

            DenIbya'ngan

            Denebian slime devil (n)

            DenIbya' Qatlh

            deny (v)

            tem

            deodorant (n)

            noSvagh

            depart (v)

            tlheD

            depend on (v)

            wuv

            depressed, be depressed (v)

            'It

            descend (v)

            ghIr

            describe (v)

            Del

            desert (n)

            Deb

            desert (v)

            choS

            deserted, be deserted,

            chIm

            empty, uninhabited (v)

            destination (n)

            ghoch

            destroy (n)

            Qaw'[[(n)=>(v)]]

            destruction (n)

            QIH

            deteriorate (v)

            Sab

            detest (v)

            muS

            developed, be developed

            Hach

            (e.g., civilization) (v)

            device (n)

            jan

            devise, invent (v)

            'ogh

            dictator (n)

            HI'

            dictatorship (n)

            HI'tuy

            dictionary (n)

            mu'ghom

            die (v)

            Hegh

            different, be different (v)

            pIm

            difficult, be difficult (v)

            Qatlh

            dignity (n)

            nur

            dilithium (n)

            cha'puj

            dilithium crystal (n)

            cha'pujqut

            dinner (n)

            'uQ

            diplomacy (n)

            ghar

            diplomacy, conduct diplomacy (v)

            ghar

            diplomat (n)

            gharwI'

            dirt (n)

            lam[[p.129]]

            dirt under fingernails (n)

            butlh

            dirty, be dirty (v)

            lam

            disable (v)

            Qotlh

            disagree (v)

            Qoch

            disappear (v)

            ngab

            disaster (n)

            Qugh

            discipline (n)

            Sun

            discourage (v)

            tung

            discover (v)

            tu'

            discuss (v)

            ja'chuq

            disease (n)

            rop

            disgraced, be disgraced (v)

            web

            disguise (v)

            jech

            dish, course (food) (n)

            nay'

            dishonest, be dishonest (v)

            yuD

            dislike (v)

            par

            disobey (v)

            lobHa'

            disperse, scatter (v)

            ghomHa'

            display, show (picture) (v)

            cha'

            displeased, be displeased (v)

            belHa'

            dispute (v)

            ghoH

            disregard (v)

            qImHa'

            dissolve (v)

            ngoS

            distance, range (n)

            chuq

            distress call (n)

            Sotlaw'

            distressed, be in distress (v)

            Sot

            district, area (n)

            yoS

            distrust (v)

            voqHa'

            disturb (v)

            Suj

            divide (v)

            wav

            dock (n)

            vergh

            dock (v)

            vergh

            doctor, physician (n)

            Qel

            dominate (v)

            ghatlh

            done (excl)

            pItlh

            door, gate (n)

            lojmIt

            doubt (v)

            Hon

            dread (v)

            Haj

            dream (v)

            naj

            dregs (n)

            pugh

            drill (military) (n)

            qeq[[p.130]]

            drink (v)

            tlhutlh

            drool (v)

            bol

            drop (v)

            chagh

            drunk, be drunk, intoxicated (v)

            chech

            dry, be dry (v)

            QaD

            duel (v)

            Hay'

            dull, be dull, uninteresting (v)

            qetlh

            dumbfounded, be dumb-

            yay'

            founded, uninteresting, shocked (v)

            duty (n)

            Qu'

            duty station, station (n)

            yaH

            dysentery (n)

            pom

            Earth (n)

            tera'

            Earther, Terran (n)

            tera'ngan

            earthquake, experience an

            Qom

            earthquake or tremor (v)

            easy, be easy (v)

            ngeD

            eat (v)

            Sop

            eavesdrop (v)

            Daq

            edge (n)

            HeH

            eight (num)

            chorgh

            eighth (num)

            chorghDIch

            Elas (n)

            'elaS

            elder (n)

            qup

            embark (v)

            ten

            embassy (n)

            rIvSo'

            emergency (n)

            chach

            emissary (n)

            Duy, 'oSwI'

            emperor (n)

            ta', voDleH

            empire (n)

            wo'

            empty, be empty, deserted,

            chIm

            uninhabited (v)

            encounter, meet (v)

            ghom

            encourage (v)

            tungHa'

            endure, bear (v)

            SIQ

            enemy (n)

            jagh

            energize (v)

            rIH

            energize, fire (e.g., thrusters) (v)

            laQ

            energizer (n)

            rIHwI'[[p.131]]

            energy beings (n)

            HoSDo'

            energy field (n)

            HoSchem

            energy, power (n)

            HoS

            engage, activate (a device) (v)

            chu'

            engine (n)

            jonta', QuQ

            engineer (n)

            jonwI'

            enjoy (v)

            tIv

            enough, be enough, be

            yap

            sufficient (v)

            enter, go in (v)

            'el

            entity (n)

            Dol

            equipment, gear (n)

            luch

            era (n)

            bov

            err, make a mistake (v)

            Qagh

            error, mistake (n)

            Qagh

            escort (v)

            Dor

            espionage (n)

            lInDab

            essential, be essential,

            'ut

            necessary (v)

            establish, set up (v)

            cher

            estimate, judge (v)

            noH

            ethics (n)

            ghob

            evade, take evasive action (v)

            jun

            even so (conj)

            'ach, 'a

            event, occurrence,

            wanI'

            phenomenon (n)

            everyone, everything (n)

            Hoch

            everywhere (n)

            Dat

            evil, be evil (v)

            mIgh

            exact, be exact, perfect (v)

            pup

            exaggerate (v)

            lach

            examine (v)

            nuD

            excellent, be excellent (v)

            pov

            exceptional, be exceptional,

            le'

            special (v)

            exchange, substitute (v)

            tam

            excite (v)

            SeymoH

            excited, be excited (v)

            Sey

            execute, put to death (v)

            muH

            exhaust (n)

            taQbang[[p.132]]

            exhaust (v)

            tlhuch

            exile (v)

            ghIm

            expand (v)

            Sach

            expect (v)

            pIH

            expedition (n)

            Hoq

            experiment (n)

            ngong

            experiment (v)

            ngong

            expert, be expert, skilled (v)

            po'

            explain (v)

            QIj

            explode (v)

            jor

            explosive (n)

            jorwI'

            eye (n)

            mIn

            eyebrow (n)

            Huy'

            face (n)

            qab

            fact (n)

            ngoD

            factory (n)

            laSvargh

            fail (v)

            luj

            fair, be fair (v)

            may

            trust, have faith in (v)

            voq

            fake, be fake (v)

            ngeb

            fall (v)

            pum

            false, be false (v)

            ngeb

            family (n)

            qorDu'

            famous, be famous, well known (v)

            noy

            fanatical, be fanatical (v)

            ngotlh

            far, be far, be remote (v)

            Hop

            farm (n)

            Du'

            farm (v)

            wIj

            fascinate (v)

            vuQ

            fast, quickly (adv)

            nom

            be fat (v)

            pI', ror

            fatal, be fatal (v)

            HeghmoH

            fate (n)

            San

            father (n)

            vav

            fault (seismic) (n)

            Seq

            fault, blame (n)

            pIch

            fed up, be fed up (v)

            puQ

            Federation (n)

            DIvI'

            Federation battle cruiser (n)

            DIvI'may'Duj[[p.133]]

            feed (someone else) (v)

            je'

            feel, touch (v)

            Hot

            female, woman (n)

            be'

            festival (n)

            yupma'

            few, be few, be several, be

            puS

            a handful (v)

            fib, lie (v)

            nep

            field (of land) (n)

            yotlh

            fierce, be fierce (v)

            qu'

            fifth (num)

            vaghDIch

            fight (v)

            Suv

            fight dirty (v)

            HIgh

            fill (v)

            teb

            final, be final, last (v)

            Qav

            find (v)

            tu'

            fine, tax (v)

            rup

            finger (n)

            nItlh

            finished, be finished,

            rIn

            accomplished (v)

            fire (n)

            qul

            fire (torpedo, rocket, missile) (v)

            baH

            fire, energize (e.g., thrusters) (v)

            laQ

            first (num)

            wa'DIch

            fissure (n)

            Qargh

            fist (n)

            ro'

            five (num)

            vagh

            fix, repair (v)

            tI'

            flag (n)

            joqwI'

            flap, flutter, wave (v)

            joq

            flee, get out (v)

            Haw'

            fleet (of ships) (n)

            yo'

            flood (n)

            SoD

            flood (v)

            SoD

            floor (n)

            rav

            flutter, flap, wave (v)

            joq

            fly (v)

            puv

            focus on, concentrate on,

            buS

            think only about (v)

            follow (a course) (v)

            ghoS

            follow (rules) (v)

            pab[[p.134]]

            follow, chase (v)

            tlha'

            fool (n)

            qoH

            foolish, be foolish,

            Dogh

            silly (v)

            foot (n)

            qam

            forbid (v)

            tuch

            force (v)

            raD

            force field (n)

            Surchem

            fore (n)

            'et

            forehead (n)

            Quch

            foreign, be foreign, alien (v)

            nov

            foreigner (n)

            nov

            forest, woods (n)

            ngem

            forget (v)

            lIj

            fortunate, be fortunate, lucky (v)

            Do'

            four (num)

            loS

            fourth (num)

            loSDIch

            free, be free, independent (v)

            tlhab

            freedom, independence (n)

            tlhab

            freeze (v)

            taDmoH

            freighter (n)

            tongDuj

            frequency (radio) (n)

            Se'

            friend (n)

            jup

            frozen, be frozen (v)

            taD

            frustrated, be frustrated (v)

            mogh

            fuel (n)

            nIn

            function, work, succeed (v)

            Qap

            funeral (n)

            nol

            funny, be funny (v)

            tlhaQ

            galactic rim (n)

            qIbHeS

            galaxy (n)

            qIb

            galley (n)

            vutpa'

            game (n)

            Quj

            garbage (n)

            veQ

            garbage scow (n)

            veQDuj

            gargle (v)

            ghagh

            gas (n)

            SIp

            gate (n)

            lojmIt

            gear, equipment (n)

            luch

            general (rank) (n)

            Sa'[[p.135]]

            Genesis (n)

            qa'vam

            genius (n)

            wIgh

            get (v)

            Suq

            get away from (v)

            DoH

            get in (v)

            yong

            get out, flee (v)

            Haw'

            get out, take out (v)

            lel

            get up (v)

            Hu'

            gift (n)

            nob

            girl (n)

            be'Hom

            give (v)

            nob

            give up, surrender (v)

            jegh

            glass (tumbler) (n)

            HIvje'

            glove (n)

            pogh

            glow (v)

            wew

            go (v)

            jaH

            go aboard (v)

            tIj

            go away from (v)

            ghoS

            go in (v)

            'el

            goal (n)

            ngoQ

            good (expressing satisfaction) (excl) maj

            good, be good (v)

            QaQ

            good, very good, well done

            majQa'

            (excl)

            gossip (v)

            joS

            gossip, rumor (n)

            joS

            govern (v)

            qum

            government (n)

            qum

            gown (n)

            paH

            grain (n)

            tIr

            grammar (n)

            pab

            grandfather (n)

            vavnI'

            grandmother (n)

            SoSnI'

            grave (n)

            mol

            great, be great, wonderful (v)

            Dun

            greedy, be greedy (v)

            qur

            green, be green, blue, yellow (v)

            SuD

            gripe (v)

            bep

            grouchy, be grouchy, mean (v)

            qej

            ground (n)

            yav

            group (n)

            ghom[[p.136]]

            guard (n)

            'avwI'

            guard (v)

            'av

            guess (v)

            loy

            guest (n)

            meb

            guide, lead (v)

            Dev

            guilty, be guilty (v)

            DIv

            gun, handgun (n)

            HIch

            gunner (n)

            baHwI',

            matHa'

            gunpowder (n)

            ngat

            hair (on body) (n)

            pob

            hair (on head) (n)

            jIb

            half (n)

            bID

            hand (n)

            ghop

            handful, be a handful, be few (v)

            puS

            handgun (n)

            HIch

            handsome, be handsome (v)

            'IH

            hang (v)

            HuS

            hangover, have a hangover,

            'uH

            be hung over (v)

            happen, occur (v)

            qaS

            happy, be happy (v)

            Quch

            hard, be hard (like a rock) (v)

            let

            harmful, be harmful (v)

            joch

            harvest (v)

            yob

            hassle, be a hassle, be a

            qay'

            problem (v)

            hate, detest (v)

            muS

            have, possess (v)

            ghaj

            he, she, him, her (pro)

            ghaH

            head (n)

            nach

            headache, have a headache (v)

            wuQ

            healthy, be healthy (v)

            pIv

            hear (v)

            Qoy

            heart (n)

            tIq

            heat (n)

            tuj

            heavy, be heavy (v)

            'ugh

            helm (n)

            Degh

            helmet (n)

            mIv[[p.137]]

            helmsman (n)

            DeghwI'

            help, aid (v)

            QaH

            her, him, she, he (pro)

            ghaH

            here, hereabouts (n)

            naDev

            hide (v)

            So'

            high, be high (v)

            jen

            hill, mountain (n)

            HuD

            him, her, he, she (pro)

            ghaH

            hinder, interfere (v)

            nIS

            history (n)

            qun

            hit (with hand, fist, implement) (v)

            qIp

            holster (n)

            vaH

            home (n)

            juH

            honest, be honest (v)

            yuDHa'

            honor (n)

            batlh

            honored, with honor (adv)

            batlh

            hope (v)

            tul

            horizontal, be horizontal (v)

            SaS

            hostage (n)

            vub

            hot, be hot (v)

            tuj

            hour (n)

            rep

            how many? (ques)

            'ar

            how much? (ques)

            'ar

            how? (ques)

            chay'

            however (conj)

            'ach, 'a

            hull (n)

            Som

            human (n)

            Human

            humanoid (n)

            yoq

            hundred (num)

            vatlh

            hundred thousand (num)

            bIp

            hungry, be hungry (v)

            ghung

            hunt (v)

            wam

            hurry (v)

            moD

            hurt (n)

            'oy'

            hurt (v)

            'oy'

            husband (n)

            loDnal

            hypnotize (v)

            vong

            I, me (pro)

            jIH

            ice (n)

            chuch[[p.138]]

            idea (n)

            qech

            identical, be identical (v)

            nIb

            identify (v)

            ngu'

            ignorant, be ignorant (v)

            jIv

            ill, be ill, sick (v)

            rop

            illegal, be illegal (v)

            Hat

            immortal, be immortal (v)

            jub

            impact, strike (v)

            mup

            impatient, be impatient (v)

            boH

            important thing, something

            potlh

            important (n)

            impressive, be impressive (v)

            Doj

            improve (v)

            Dub

            impulse power (n)

            Hong

            in that case, then, thus, so (adv)

            vaj

            incompetent, be incompetent (v)

            tlhIb

            increase (v)

            ghur

            independence, freedom (n)

            tlhab

            independent, be independent,

            tlhab

            free (v)

            indigestion (n)

            poq

            infect (v)

            ngej

            inferior, be inferior (v)

            QIv

            infirmary (n)

            ropyaH

            influence (v)

            SIgh

            information (n)

            De'

            inhabitant (n)

            ngan

            inhabited, be inhabited (v)

            toq

            injure (v)

            rIQmoH

            injured, be injured (v)

            rIQ

            innocent, be innocent (v)

            chun

            insist (v)

            qap

            instincts (n)

            Duj

            instruct, teach (v)

            ghojmoH

            insubordinate, be insubor-

            tlhIv

            dinate (v)

            insult (v)

            tIch

            insurrection (n)

            QuD

            intelligent, be intelligent (v)

            val

            intend, mean to (v)

            Hech

            intentionally, on purpose (adv)

            chIch[[p.139]]

            interesting, be interesting (v)

            Daj

            interfere (v)

            nIS

            interrogate (v)

            yu'

            interrupt (v)

            qagh

            intoxicated, be intoxicated,

            chech

            drunk (v)

            introduce (v)

            lIH

            invade (v)

            yot

            invasion (n)

            yot

            invent, devise (v)

            'ogh

            ion (n)

            tat

            irritable, be irritable (v)

            bergh

            it (pro)

            'oH

            jacket, coat (n)

            wep

            jail (n)

            bIghHa'

            jog, run (v)

            qet

            join (v)

            muv

            journal, log (n)

            QonoS

            judge, estimate (v)

            noH

            judgment (n)

            yoj

            jump (v)

            Sup

            jurisdiction (n)

            teblaw'

            just, only, merely, (adv)

            neH

            justice (n)

            ruv

            keep, save (v)

            pol

            kellicam (n)

            quelI'qam[[quelI'qam=>qelI'qam]]

            kevas (n)

            qevaS

            kick (v)

            pup

            kidnap (v)

            quch

            kill (v)

            HoH

            Klingon (n)

            tlhIngan

            Klingon Empire (n)

            tlhIngan wo'

            Klingon writing system (n)

            pIqaD

            knee (n)

            qIv

            kneel (v)

            tor

            knife (n)

            taj

            know (v)

            Sov

            label (n)

            per[[p.140]]

            label (v)

            per

            lake (n)

            ngeng

            lame, be lame (v)

            rIgh

            land (n)

            puH

            land (v)

            Saq

            landing party (n)

            Saqghom

            language (n)

            Hol

            last, be last, final (v)

            Qav

            lateral, be lateral, move

            nech

            laterally (v)

            laugh (v)

            Hagh

            law (n)

            chut

            lazy, be lazy (v)

            buD

            lead, guide (v)

            Dev

            leak (v)

            nIj

            learn (v)

            ghoj

            lecture, speech (n)

            SoQ

            left (side) (n)

            poS

            left over, be left over (v)

            chuv

            leftovers (grammatical term) (n)

            chuvmey

            leg (n)

            'uS

            legal, be legal (v)

            mub

            lend (v)

            noj

            let's go (excl)

            Ha'

            lie, fib (v)

            nep

            lie, recline (v)

            Qot

            life (n)

            yIn

            life signs (n)

            yInroH

            life-support system (n)

            yIntagh

            light, be light, bright (v)

            wov

            light (weight), be light (v)

            tIS

            like (v)

            parHa'

            limit (v)

            vuS

            line, rope (n)

            tlhegh

            lip (n)

            wuS

            liquor (n)

            HIq

            listen (v)

            'Ij

            live (v)

            yIn

            log, journal (n)

            QonoS

            long, be long, lengthy

            nI'

            (duration) (v)[[p.141]]

            long, be long, lengthy (of an

            tIq

            object) (v)

            look for, seek, search for (v)

            nej

            loose, be loose (v)

            QeyHa'

            loosen (v)

            QeyHa'moH

            lord (n)

            jaw, joH

            love, one who is loved (n)

            bang

            luckily, with luck (adv)

            Do'

            lucky, be lucky, fortunate, (v)

            Do'

            lunch (n)

            megh

            machinery (n)

            jo', mIqta'

            mad, be mad (v)

            QeH

            maintain (v)

            leH

            maintenance (n)

            leH

            male, man (n)

            loD

            man (n)

            loD

            manage (v)

            vu'

            manager (n)

            vu'wI'

            maneuver (engines) (v)

            QoD

            maneuver (military term) (n)

            tuH

            manual, control manually, by

            ruQ

            hand (v)

            manuscript (n)

            ghItlh

            many, be many, numerous (v)

            law'

            marriage (n)

            tlhogh

            marry (husband does this) (v)

            Saw

            marry (wife does this) (v)

            nay

            matter (n)

            Hap

            me, I (pro)

            jIH

            mean, be mean (v)

            qej

            mean to, intend (v)

            Hech

            measure (v)

            juv

            medicine (n)

            Hergh

            meet (for the first time) (v)

            qIH

            meet, encounter, assemble (v)

            ghom

            meeting (n)

            qep

            melt (v)

            tet

            memory banks (n)

            qawHaq

            menu (n)

            HIDjolev

            merchant (n)

            Suy[[p.142]]

            merchant ship (n)

            SuyDuj

            mercy (n)

            pung

            merely, just, only (adv)

            neH

            messy, be messy, sloppy (v)

            ghIH

            metal (n)

            baS

            meteor (n)

            chunDab

            midday (n)

            pemjep

            middle, center (n)

            botlh

            midnight (n)

            ramjep

            midnight snack (n)

            ghem

            military (n)

            QI'

            million (num)

            'uy'

            mind, brain (n)

            yab

            mind sifter (Klingon psychic

            tuQDoq

            probe) (n)

            mine (v)

            tlhIl

            miner (n)

            tlhIlwI'

            mineral (n)

            tlhIl

            minute (of time) (n)

            tup

            misinterpret (v)

            yajHa'

            mission, quest, duty (n)

            Qu'

            mistake, err, be mistaken,

            Qagh

            make a mistake (v)

            mistake, error (n)

            Qagh

            mix (v)

            DuD

            mixed up, be mixed up, be con-

            mIS

            fused (v)

            module (n)

            bobcho'

            money (n)

            Huch

            month (Klingon) (n)

            jar

            moon (n)

            maS

            moonlight (n)

            maSwov

            morning (n)

            po

            mortal, be mortal (v)

            jubbe'

            mother (n)

            SoS

            mountain, hill (n)

            HuD

            mouth (n)

            nuj

            mugato (n)

            mughato'

            murder (v)

            chot

            muscle (n)

            Somraw

            mustache (n)

            loch[[p.143]]

            mutiny (v)

            qIQ

            myth (n)

            wIch

            nacelle (n)

            HanDogh

            nag (v)

            boj

            name (n)

            pong

            name (v)

            pong

            nap (v)

            Dum

            native (n)

            Sung

            navigate (v)

            chIj

            navigator (n)

            chIjwI'

            necessary, be necessary,

            'ut

            essential (v)

            neck (n)

            mong

            necklace (n)

            ghIgh

            negative (angle), be at a

            taH

            negative angle (v)

            negotiate (v)

            Sutlh

            neighbor (n)

            jIl

            nervous, be nervous (v)

            bIt

            Neural (n)

            nural

            Neuralese (n)

            nuralngan

            neutral zone (n)

            neHmaH

            never (adv)

            not

            nevertheless (conj)

            'ach, 'a

            new, be new (v)

            chu'

            next to, area next to (n)

            retlh

            night (n)

            ram

            nine (num)

            Hut

            ninth (num)

            HutDIch

            no (answer to a question) (excl)

            ghobe'

            no, I won't, I refuse (excl)

            Qo'

            nobility (n)

            chuQun

            noisy, be noisy (v)

            chuS

            nothing, none (n)

            pagh

            nonsense (n)

            Dap

            nose (n)

            ghIch

            nostril (n)

            tlhon

            not yet (adv)

            wej

            nothing, none (n)

            pagh

            notice (v)

            tu'

            noun (n)

            DIp[[p.144]]

            nova (n)

            puyjaq

            now (adv)

            DaH

            number (n)

            mI'

            numerous, be numerous (v)

            law'

            oath (n)

            'Ip

            obey (v)

            lob

            object (v)

            bep

            obliterate (v)

            Sang

            observe (v)

            tu'

            obstruct (v)

            waQ

            obtain (v)

            Suq

            occupy (military term) (v)

            Dan

            occur, happen (v)

            qaS

            occurrence, event,

            wanI'

            phenomenon (n)

            ocean (n)

            bIQ'a'

            odd, be odd (v)

            jum

            offend (v)

            maw

            officer (n)

            yaS, 'utlh

            offspring, child (n)

            puq

            often (adv)

            pIj

            okay, yes, I will (excl)

            luq, lu'

            old, be old (not new) (v)

            ngo'

            old, be old (not young) (v)

            qan

            omit (v)

            nop

            once (adv)

            wa'logh

            one (num)

            wa'

            only, merely, just (adv)

            neH

            onward, go onward, proceed (v)

            ghoS

            open (v)

            poSmoH

            open, be open, opened (v)

            poS

            opinion (n)

            vuD

            opponent, adversary (n)

            ghol

            opportunity (n)

            'eb

            option, possibility (n)

            DuH

            or, and/or (joining nouns) (conj)

            joq

            or, and/or (joining sentences)

            qoj

            (conj)

            or, either/or (joining nouns)

            ghap

            (conj)[[p.145]]

            or, either/or (joining sen-

            pagh

            tences) (conj)

            orange, be orange, red (v)

            Doq

            orbit (v)

            bav

            order, command (v)

            ra'

            Organia (n)

            'orghenya'

            Organian (n)

            'orghenya'ngan

            Organian Peace Treaty (n)

            'orghenya'

            rojmab

            organization, federation (n)

            DIvI'

            origin (n)

            mung

            outside (n)

            Hur

            overhead, area overhead (n)

            Dung

            override (v)

            ngep

            overtake, pass (v)

            juS

            pain (n)

            'oy'

            pajamas (n)

            nIvnav

            palm (of hand) (n)

            toch

            panic (v)

            lIm

            pants (n)

            yopwaH

            paper (n)

            nav

            paper clip (n)

            mavjop

            parallel, be parallel, go

            Don

            parallel to (v)

            parallel course (n)

            HeDon

            participate (v)

            jeS

            partner (n)

            qoch

            party, group (n)

            ghom

            pass (v)

            juS

            passenger (n)

            raQpo'

            passionate, be passionate

            nong

            (v)

            patient (n)

            SID

            patient, be patient (v)

            tuv

            patrol (v)

            ngIv

            pay attention (v)

            qIm

            pause (v)

            yev

            pay for (v)

            DIl

            peace (n)

            roj

            peace, make peace (v)

            roj[[p.146]]

            peace treaty (n)

            rojmab

            penalty (n)

            jIp

            percent (n)

            vatlhvI'

            perfect, be perfect, exact (v)

            pup

            perhaps (adv)

            chaq

            permit (n)

            chaw'

            allow, permit (v)

            chaw'

            person (humanoid) (n)

            ghot, nuv

            persuade (v)

            pon

            pet (n)

            Saj

            pet, stroke (v)

            yach

            phaser (n)

            pu'

            phaser banks (n)

            pu'DaH

            phaser crew (n)

            pu'beq

            phaser pistol (n)

            pu'HIch

            phaser rifle (n)

            pu'beH

            phenomenon, event,

            wanI'

            occurrence (n)

            physician, doctor (n)

            Qel

            pick up (v)

            woH

            pickle (cucumber) (n)

            Hurgh

            pity (v)

            vup

            place (v)

            lan

            plan (v)

            nab

            planet (n)

            yuQ

            planetoid (n)

            yuQHom

            plant (v)

            poch

            plastic (n)

            mep

            play (v)

            reH

            play a game (v)

            Quj

            plead, beg (v)

            qoy'

            pleased, be pleased (v)

            bel

            pleasure (n)

            bel

            poison (n)

            tar

            ponytail (n)

            DaQ

            ponytail holder (n)

            choljaH

            popular, be popular (v)

            Qat

            population (n)

            roghvaH

            possess, have (v)

            ghaj

            possibility, option (n)

            DuH

            possible, be possible (v)

            DuH[[p.147]]

            postpone (v)

            lum

            power (political) (n)

            woQ

            power, energy (n)

            HoS

            powerful, be powerful (v)

            HoSghaj

            practice, train, prepare (v)

            qeq

            precede (v)

            nung

            predecessor (n)

            nubwI'

            prefer (v)

            maS

            prefix (n)

            moHaq

            prepare for, be alerted to (v)

            ghuH

            prepare, train, practice (v)

            qeq

            prepared, be prepared (to

            ghuS

            launch) (v)

            present (v)

            much

            present, be present (not

            SaH

            absent) (v)

            presentation (n)

            much

            preserve (v)

            choq

            press down (v)

            'uy

            prevent, block (v)

            bot

            primitive, be primitive (v)

            lutlh

            prison, jail (n)

            bIghHa'

            prisoner (n)

            qama'

            privilege (n)

            DIb

            prize (n)

            tev

            problem, be a problem, be

            qay'

            a hassle (v)

            proceed on a course, go

            ghoS

            onward (v)

            proclaim (v)

            maq

            procrastinate (v)

            lum

            produce (v)

            lIng

            program (a computer) (v)

            ghun

            progress (n)

            Ser

            progress (v)

            tlhetlh

            prohibit (v)

            bot

            project (n)

            jInmol

            project, put on (screen) (v)

            Hotlh

            promise (v)

            lay'

            promote (v)

            num

            propel (v)

            vo'[[p.148]]

            prosper, be prosperous (v)

            chep

            protect (v)

            Qan

            proud, be proud (v)

            Hem

            prove (v)

            tob

            punish (v)

            Hup

            pupil (of eye) (n)

            lur

            purchase (v)

            je'

            pure, be pure (v)

            watlh

            purposely, on purpose,

            chIch

            intentionally (adv)

            push (v)

            yuv

            put down (v)

            roQ

            put on (clothes) (v)

            tuQmoH

            put on (screen), project (v)

            Hotlh

            putrid, be putrid (v)

            ngIm

            quadrotriticale (n)

            loSpev

            qualified, be qualified (v)

            'um

            quarrel (v)

            Sol

            quest (n)

            Qu'

            question, interrogate (v)

            yu'

            quickly (adv)

            nom

            quiet, be quiet (v)

            tam

            quit (v)

            bup

            race (type, sort, class) (n)

            Segh

            radan (crude dilithium

            Dom

            crystal) (n)

            raid (v)

            weH

            rain (v)

            SIS

            raise (v)

            pep

            range, distance (n)

            chuq

            ransom (n)

            voHDajbo'

            rare, be rare (v)

            qub

            raw, be raw, unprocessed (v)

            tlhol

            ray (n)

            tIH

            reach (v)

            SIch

            read (v)

            laD

            ready (excl)

            'eH

            ready, standing by (excl)

            SuH, Su'

            realize (v)

            tlhoj[[p.149]]

            reason (n)

            meq

            reason (v)

            meq

            rebel (n)

            lotlhwI'

            rebel (v)

            lotlh

            receive (v)

            Hev

            recline, lie (v)

            Qot

            recognize (v)

            ghov

            recommend, suggest (v)

            chup

            record (n)

            ta

            record (v)

            qon

            red, be red, orange (v)

            Doq

            refuge (n)

            lulIgh

            refuse, I refuse (excl)

            Qo'

            region (n)

            Sep

            regret (v)

            pay

            Regulan (n)

            reghuluSngan

            Regulan bloodworm (n)

            reghuluS 'Iwghargh

            Regulus (n)

            reghuluS

            reign, rule (v)

            che'

            relax, rest (v)

            leS

            relieve (v)

            Son

            religion (n)

            lalDan

            rely on (v)

            wuv

            remain (v)

            ratlh

            remember (v)

            qaw

            remind (v)

            qawmoH

            remote, be remote, far (v)

            Hop

            remove, take off (v)

            teq

            Remus (n)

            rIymuS

            rendezvous (v)

            ghom

            repair (v)

            tI'

            reply (v)

            jang

            report, tell (v)

            ja'

            represent (v)

            'oS

            require (v)

            poQ

            rescue (v)

            toD

            research (v)

            Qul

            resemble (v)

            rur

            resent (v)

            qeH

            resign (v)

            paj

            resource (n)

            Sup[[p.150]]

            resources (n)

            jo

            respect (v)

            vuv

            responsible, be responsible (v)

            ngoy'

            rest, relax (v)

            leS

            restaurant (n)

            Qe'

            restless, be restless (v)

            ngoj

            retaliate (v)

            noD

            retreat (v)

            HeD

            return (v)

            chegh

            reveal, show (v)

            'ang

            revenge (n)

            bortaS

            revolt (v)

            Daw'

            revolt, revolution (n)

            Daw'

            rich, be rich (v)

            mIp

            ride (v)

            lIgh

            ridicule (v)

            nuS

            rifle (n)

            beH

            right (side) (n)

            nIH

            right, be right, correct (v)

            lugh

            ring (for finger) (n)

            Qeb

            river (n)

            bIQtIq

            roam, travel, rove (v)

            leng

            rob (v)

            Hej

            robe (n)

            mop

            robot (n)

            qoq

            rock, stone (n)

            nagh

            Romulan (n)

            romuluSngan

            Romulus (n)

            romuluS

            room (n)

            pa'

            rope, line (n)

            tlhegh

            rotten, be rotten (v)

            non

            rough, be rough (v)

            ghegh

            round up (v)

            lIq

            route, course (n)

            He

            rove, roam, travel (v)

            leng

            rover (grammatical term) (n)

            lengwI'

            rude, be rude (v)

            Doch

            ruins (n)

            pIgh

            rule, reign, run (v)

            che'

            rumor, gossip (n)

            joS

            run, jog (v)

            qet[[p.151]]

            run, rule (v)

            che'

            ruthless, be ruthless (v)

            wIH

            sabotage (v)

            Sorgh

            saccharin (n)

            HaQchor

            sad, be sad (v)

            'IQ

            saloon, bar (n)

            tach

            salute (v)

            van

            same, be the same (v)

            rap

            satellite (n)

            SIbDoH

            satisfied, be satisfied (v)

            yon

            satisfy (v)

            yonmoH

            save, keep (v)

            pol

            save, rescue (v)

            toD

            scan (v)

            Hotlh

            scanner (n)

            HotlhwI'

            scare (v)

            ghIj

            scatter, disperse (v)

            ghomHa'

            scavenge (v)

            qor

            school (n)

            DuSaQ

            science (n)

            QeD

            science officer (n)

            QeDpIn

            scientist (n)

            tej

            scold (v)

            qun

            scream, cry out, shout (v)

            jach

            screen, viewing screen (n)

            jIH

            search for, seek, look for (v)

            nej

            second (num)

            cha'DIch

            second (of time) (n)

            lup

            secret (n)

            pegh

            secret, keep something secret (v)

            pegh

            section (n)

            'ay'

            sector, zone (n)

            mIch

            security (n)

            Hung

            see (v)

            legh

            seek, search for (v)

            nej

            select (v)

            wIv

            self-confident, be self-confident (v) jeQ

            selfish, be selfish (v)

            mut

            sell (v)

            ngev

            send (v)

            ngeH[[p.152]]

            sensor (n)

            noch

            sentence (n)

            mu'tlhegh

            separate (v)

            chev

            sergeant (n)

            bu'

            serious, be serious (v)

            Sagh

            serpent, worm (n)

            ghargh

            servant (n)

            toy'wI'

            serve (a master) (v)

            toy'

            serve (food) (v)

            jab

            set up, establish (v)

            cher

            seven (num)

            Soch

            seventh (num)

            SochDIch

            several, be several (v)

            puS

            shadow (n)

            QIb

            shame (v)

            tuHmoH

            sharp, be sharp (v)

            jej

            she, he, her, him (pro)

            ghaH

            Sherman's Planet (n)

            SermanyuQ

            shield (n)

            yoD

            shield (v)

            yoD

            shine, be shiny (v)

            boch

            ship, vessel (n)

            Duj

            shocked, be shocked, dumbfounded

            yay'

            (v)

            shoe (n)

            waq

            shoot (v)

            bach

            shore leave (n)

            leSpoH

            shortcut (n)

            qIgh

            shot (n)

            bach

            shoulder (n)

            volchaH

            shout, scream, cry out (v)

            jach

            show, display (picture) (v)

            cha'

            show, reveal (v)

            'ang

            shut (v)

            SoQmoH

            shut, be shut (v)

            SoQ

            sick, be sick, ill (v)

            rop

            side (n)

            Dop

            sight (with gunsight) (v)

            puS

            sign (a treaty) (v)

            qI'

            silence (v)

            tammoH

            silly, be silly (v)

            Dogh[[p.153]]

            simple, be simple (v)

            nap

            simultaneous, happen simultaneously

            quq

            (v)

            sin (v)

            yem

            sincere, be sincere (v)

            'Il

            sir (n)

            qaH

            sister (n)

            be'nI'

            sit (v)

            ba'

            situation (n)

            ghu'

            six (num)

            jav

            sixth (num)

            javDIch

            skilled, be skilled (v)

            po'

            skin (n)

            DIr

            skin (v)

            Surgh

            sky (n)

            chal

            sleep (v)

            Qong

            slightly, a little bit (adv)

            loQ

            slingshot (n)

            moy'bI'

            slit (v)

            SIj

            sloppy, be sloppy, messy (v)

            ghIH

            slowly (adv)

            QIt

            sly, be sly (v)

            'ong

            small, be small (v)

            mach

            smart, be smart (v)

            val

            smear (v)

            ngoH

            smell, emit odor (v)

            He'

            smell, sense odors (v)

            largh

            smoke (n)

            tlhIch

            smooth, be smooth (v)

            Hab

            snow (v)

            peD

            so, then, thus, in that case (adv)

            vaj

            so, well (excl)

            toH

            society (n)

            nugh

            socks (n)

            paSlogh

            soft, be soft (v)

            tun

            soldier (n)

            mang

            soldiers (n)

            negh

            solid, be solid (v)

            Sub

            solution (liquid) (n)

            taS

            somebody, something, anybody,

            vay'

            anything (n)[[p.154]]

            sometimes (adv)

            rut

            somewhere (n)

            vogh

            son (n)

            puqloD

            soon (adv)

            tugh

            sore (n)

            'oy'

            sore, be sore (v)

            'oy'

            sorry, be sorry (v)

            QoS

            sour, be sour (v)

            wIb

            source (n)

            Hal

            space (n)

            logh

            space station (n)

            tengchaH

            speak (v)

            jatlh

            special, be special, exceptional (v)

            le'

            species (n)

            mut

            specimen (n)

            chovnatlh

            speech (vocal sounds) (n)

            QIch

            speech, lecture, address (n)

            SoQ

            sphere (n)

            moQ

            spin (v)

            DIng

            spine (n)

            pIp

            spy (n)

            ghoqwI'

            spy (v)

            ghoq

            squadron (n)

            nawlogh

            stab (v)

            DuQ

            stand (v)

            Qam

            standing by, ready (excl)

            SuH, Su'

            star (n)

            Hov

            star base (n)

            'ejyo'waw'

            star system (n)

            Hovtay'

            Starfleet (n)

            'ejyo'

            starship, starship class (n)

            'ejDo'

            station, duty station (n)

            yaH

            status (n)

            Dotlh

            steal (v)

            nIH

            steam (n)

            SeS

            step on (v)

            gho'

            sticky, be sticky (v)

            Hum

            sting (v)

            'aw'

            stink (v)

            He'So'

            stomach (n)

            burgh

            stone, rock (n)

            nagh[[p.155]]

            stoop (v)

            joD

            stop, cease (v)

            mev

            storm (v)

            jev

            story (n)

            lut

            strange, be strange (v)

            Huj

            strategy (n)

            Dup

            strength (n)

            HoS

            strike, impact (v)

            mup

            stroke, pet (v)

            yach

            strong, be strong (v)

            HoS

            structure, building (n)

            qach

            stubborn, be stubborn (v)

            mul

            student (n)

            ghojwI'

            study (v)

            HaD

            stuff (v)

            ghoD

            stupid, be stupid (v)

            QIp

            sublight speed (n)

            gho'Do

            substitute (v)

            tam

            succeed, work, function (v)

            Qap

            success (n)

            Qapla'

            suddenly (adv)

            pay'

            suffer (v)

            bech

            sufficient, be sufficient (v)

            yap

            suffix (n)

            mojaQ

            suggest, recommend (v)

            chup

            suicide, commit suicide (v)

            HoH'egh

            superior (n)

            moch

            superior, be superior (v)

            nIv

            support (military term) (n)

            ngaq

            surface (of a planet) (n)

            ghor

            surgery (n)

            Haq

            surprise (v)

            mer

            surrender, give up (v)

            jegh

            surround (v)

            Dech

            suspect, be suspect (v)

            nub

            suspicious, be suspicious (v)

            pIH

            swallow (v)

            ghup

            swear, vow (v)

            'Ip

            switch (n)

            leQ

            sword (n)

            'etlh

            system (n)

            pat[[p.156]]

            tactical display (n)

            wIy

            tactical officer (n)

            ya

            tactics (n)

            to'

            take (v)

            tlhap

            take action (v)

            vang

            take away (v)

            nge'

            take care of, care for (v)

            Qorgh

            take down (v)

            jotlh

            take form, build up (v)

            chen

            take off, remove (v)

            teq

            take out, get out (v)

            lel

            target (n)

            DoS

            targets (n)

            ray'

            task, chore (n)

            Qu'

            tax (v)

            rup

            teach, instruct (v)

            ghojmoH

            teachings (n)

            paQDI'norgh

            technician (n)

            chamwI'

            tell, report (v)

            ja'

            Tellun Star System (n)

            telun Hovtay'

            temperature (n)

            Hat

            temple (structure) (n)

            chIrgh

            temporary, be temporary (v)

            ru'

            tempt (v)

            tlhu'moH

            tempted, be tempted (v)

            tlhu'

            ten (combining form) (num)

            maH

            ten (num)

            wa'maH

            ten thousand (num)

            netlh

            tenth (num)

            wa'maHDIch

            Terran (n)

            tera'ngan

            that (previous topic) (pro)

            'e', net

            them, they (capable of using language)chaH

            (pro)

            them, they (incapable of language)

            bIH

            (pro)

            then, thus, in that case, so (adv)

            vaj

            theory (n)

            nger

            theragen (n)

            Qab

            there, over there, thereabouts (n)

            pa'

            they, them (capable of using language)chaH

            (pro)[[p.157]]

            they, them (incapable of language)

            bIH

            (pro)

            thief (n)

            nIHwI'

            thin, be thin (v)

            lang

            thing (n)

            Doch

            think (v)

            Qub

            think only about, concentrate on,

            buS

            focus on (v)

            third (num)

            wejDIch

            thirsty, be thirsty (v)

            'oj

            thousand (num)

            SaD, SanID

            threaten (v)

            buQ

            three (num)

            wej

            throat (n)

            Hugh

            throw away (v)

            woD

            thrust (v)

            ghoS

            thruster (n)

            vIj

            thrusters (n)

            chuyDaH

            thus, so, in that case (adv)

            vaj

            tickle (v)

            qotlh

            tight, be tight (v)

            Qey

            tighten (v)

            QeymoH

            time (v)

            poH

            time, period of time (n)

            poH

            tired, be tired (v)

            Doy'

            toe (n)

            yaD

            together, be together (v)

            tay'

            toilet (n)

            puch

            tolerate (v)

            chergh

            tomorrow (n)

            wa'leS

            tongue (n)

            jat

            tooth (n)

            Ho'

            toothache (n)

            Ho''oy'

            topaline (n)

            toplIn

            torpedo (n)

            peng

            torpedoes (n)

            cha

            torpedo tube (n)

            chetvI', DuS

            torture (v)

            joy'

            touch, feel (v)

            Hot

            tough, be tough (v)

            rotlh

            toxic, be toxic (v)

            SuQ[[p.158]]

            trade (v)

            mech

            tradition (n)

            lurDech

            train, prepare (v)

            qeq

            traitor (n)

            maghwI'

            transact (v)

            Huq

            transceiving device (for data) (n)

            HablI'

            transfer (v)

            Qay

            translate (v)

            mugh

            translator (n)

            mughwI'

            transmission (of data) (n)

            jabbI'ID

            transmit data (to a place) (v)

            lI'

            transmit data (away from a place) (v) lab

            transport (v)

            lup

            transport beam (n)

            jol

            transport room (n)

            jolpa'

            transporter ionizer unit (n)

            jolvoy'

            travel, roam (v)

            leng

            treason (n)

            'urmang

            treaty (n)

            mab

            tree (n)

            Sor

            tremor, experience a tremor (v)

            Qom

            tribble (n)

            yIH

            trick (v)

            toj

            tricorder (n)

            Hoqra'

            trifling, be trifling, trivial,

            ram

            unimportant (v)

            trillium (n)

            DIlyum

            trim (hair) (v)

            chIp

            trip (n)

            leng

            triumph, victory (n)

            yay

            trivial, be trivial, trifling,

            ram

            unimportant (v)

            troops (n)

            QaS

            trouble (n)

            Seng

            trouble, cause trouble (v)

            Seng

            Troyius (n)

            Doy'yuS

            truce (n)

            rojHom

            true, be true (v)

            teH

            trunk (of body) (n)

            ro

            trust, have faith in (v)

            voq

            truth, tell the truth (v)

            vIt[[p.159]]

            try (v)

            nID

            tube, torpedo tube (n)

            chetvI', DuS

            tunic (n)

            yIvbeH

            tunnel (n)

            'och

            turn (v)

            tlhe'

            twice (adv)

            cha'logh

            twilight (n)

            choS

            two (num)

            cha'

            ugly, be ugly (v)

            moH

            unconditional surrender (n)

            Doghjey

            unconscious, be unconscious (v)

            vul

            under, area under (n)

            bIng

            underground (n)

            wutlh

            understand (v)

            yaj

            undress (v)

            tuQHa'moH

            uneasy, be uneasy (v)

            bIt, jotHa'

            unhappy, be unhappy (v)

            QuchHa'

            uniform (n)

            HIp

            unimportant, be unimportant,

            ram

            trivial (v)

            uninhabited, be uninhabited, empty,

            chIm

            deserted (v)

            uninteresting, be uninteresting (v)

            qetlh

            United Federation of Planets (n)

            yuQjIjDIvI'

            universe (n)

            'u'

            unprocessed, be unprocessed, raw (v)

            tlhol

            unusual, be unusual (v)

            motlhbe'

            upside down, be upside down (v)

            yoy

            urgent, be urgent (v)

            pav

            us, we (pro)

            maH

            use (v)

            lo'

            useful, be useful (v)

            lI'

            usual, be usual (v)

            motlh

            vacate (v)

            qeD

            vacation, take a vacation (v)

            ghIQ

            valley (n)

            ngech

            valuable, be valuable (v)

            lo'laH

            vanish (v)

            ngab

            variety (n)

            Sar[[p.160]]

            various, be varied (v)

            Sar

            vegetation (n)

            tI

            vein (n)

            'aD

            velocity (n)

            Do

            vent (n)

            yIb

            verb (n)

            wot

            verify (v)

            'ol

            vertical, be vertical (v)

            chong

            vessel, ship (n)

            Duj

            vicious, be vicious (v)

            naS

            victory, triumph (n)

            yay

            viewing screen (n)

            jIH

            violent, be violent (v)

            ral

            visit (v)

            Such

            visual display (n)

            HaSta

            vocabulary (n)

            mu'tay'

            voice (n)

            ghogh

            volunteer (v)

            Sap

            vow, swear (v)

            'Ip

            voyage (n)

            leng

            Vulcan (person) (n)

            vulqangan

            Vulcan (planet) (n)

            vulqan

            vulgar, be vulgar (v)

            Qut

            wait (for) (v)

            loS

            wake (someone) up (v)

            vemmoH

            wake up, cease sleeping (v)

            vem

            walk (v)

            yIt

            want (v)

            neH

            war (n)

            veS

            warn (v)

            ghuHmoH

            warp drive (n)

            pIvghor

            washroom (n)

            puchpa'

            watch (v)

            bej

            water (n)

            bIQ

            wave, flap, flutter (v)

            joq

            we, us (pro)

            maH

            weak, be weak (v)

            puj

            weapon (n)

            nuH

            wear (clothes) (v)

            tuQ

            week (Klingon) (n)

            Hogh[[p.161]]

            well done, very good (excl)

            majQa'

            well, so (excl)

            toH

            what do you want? (greeting) (excl)

            nuqneH

            what? (ques)

            nuq

            when? (ques)

            ghorgh

            where? (ques)

            nuqDaq

            white, be white (v)

            chIS

            who? (ques)

            'Iv

            why? (ques)

            qatlh

            wife (n)

            be'nal

            wind, breeze (n)

            SuS

            woman (n)

            be'

            won't, I won't, I refuse (excl)

            Qo'

            wonderful, be wonderful, great (v)

            Dun

            woods, forest (n)

            ngem

            word (n)

            mu'

            work, function (v)

            Qap

            work, toil (v)

            vum

            worm, serpent (n)

            ghargh

            worsen (v)

            'argh

            worthless, be worthless (v)

            lo'laHbe'

            write (v)

            ghItlh

            writing system, Klingon writing

            system (n)

            pIqaD

            yawn (v)

            Hob

            year (Klingon) (n)

            DIS

            years ago (n)

            ben

            years from now (n)

            nem

            yellow, be yellow, blue, green (v)

            SuD

            yes, okay, I will (excl)

            luq, lu'

            yes, true (answer to yes/no question) HIja', HISlaH

            (excl)

            yesterday (n)

            wa'Hu'

            you (plural) (pro)

            tlhIH

            you (pro)

            SoH

            young, be young (v)

            Qup

            zero (num)

            pagh

            zone, sector (n)

            mIch[[p.162]]

KLINGON AFFIXES

            1. Noun suffixes

            Numbers indicate suffix type.

            -chaj 4 their

            -Daj 4 his/her

            -Daq 5 locative

            -Du' 2 plural (body part)

            -Hey 3 apparent

            -Hom 1 diminutive

            -lIj 4 your

            -II' 4 your (noun capable of using language)

            -maj 4 our

            -ma' 4 our (noun capable of using language)

            -mey 2 plural (general)

            -mo' 5 due to

            -na' 3 definite

            -pu' 2 plural (beings capable of using language)

            -qoq 3 so-called

            -raj 4 your (plural)

            -ra' 4 your (plural) (noun capable of using language)

            -vaD 5 for

            -vam 4 this[[p.163]]

            -vetlh 4 that

            -vo' 5 from

            -wIj 4 my

            -wI' 4 my (noun capable of using language)

            -'a' 1 augmentative

            -'e' 5 topic

            2. Pronominal prefixes

            0 he/she/it (no object), he/she/it--him/her/it/them, they (no object), they--them

            bI- you (no object)

            bo- you (plural)--him/her/it/them

            che- you (plural)--us

            cho- you--me

            Da- you--him/her/it/them

            DI- we--them

            Du- he/she/it--you

            gho- imperative: you--us, you (plural)--us HI- imperative: you--me, you (plural)--me jI- I (no object)

            ju- you--us

            lI- he/she/it--you (plural), they--you (plural) lu- they--him/her/it

            ma- we (no object)

            mu- he/she/it--me, they--me

            nI- they--you

            nu- he/she/it--us, they--us

            pe- imperative: you (plural) (no object) pI- we--you

            qa- I--you

            re- we--you (plural)

            Sa- I--you (plural)

            Su- you (plural) (no object)

            tI- imperative: you--them, you (plural)--them tu- you (plural)--me

            vI- we--him/her/it

            wI- I--him/her/it/them

            yI- imperative: you (no object), you--him/her/it, you (plural)--him/her/it[[p.164]]

            3. Verb suffixes

            Numbers indicate suffix type; R stands for rover.

            -beH 2 ready, set up (referring to devices)

            -bej 6 certainly, undoubtedly

            -be' R not

            -bogh 9 which (relative-clause marker)

            -choH 3 change

            -chugh 9 if

            -chuq 1 one another

            -chu' 6 clearly, perfectly

            -DI' 9 as soon as, when

            -Ha' R undo

            -laH 5 can, able

            -law' 6 seems, apparently

            -lI' 7 in progress

            -lu' 5 indefinite subject

            -meH 9 for (purpose-clause marker)

            -moH 4 cause

            -neS 8 honorific

            -nIS 2 need

            -pa' 9 before

            -pu' 7 perfective

            -qang 2 willing

            -qa' 3 do again, resume

            -qu' R emphatic

            -Qo' R don't!, won't

            -rup 2 ready, prepared (referring to beings)

            -taH 7 continuous

            -ta' 7 accomplished, done

            -vIp 2 afraid

            -vIS 9 while

            -wI' 9 one who is, one who does, thing which does

            -'a' 9 interrogative

            -'egh 1 oneself

            4. Special number suffixes

            -DIch forms ordinal numbers (<first, second,> etc.)

            -logh forms <once, twice, three times,> etc.[[p.165]]

            ENGLISH INDEX TO KLINGON AFFIXES

            1. Noun suffixes

            Numbers indicate suffix type.

            apparent -Hey 3

            augmentative -'a' 1

            definite -na' 3

            diminutive -Hom 1

            due to -mo' 5

            for -vaD 5

            from -vo' 5

            his/her -Daj 4

            locative -Daq 5

            my -wIj 4

            my (noun capable of using language) -wI' 4

            our -maj 4

            our (noun capable of using language) -ma' 4

            plural (beings capable of using language) -pu' 2

            plural (body part) -Du' 2

            plural (general) -mey 2

            so-called -qoq 3

            that -vetlh 4

            their -chaj 4

            this -vam 4[[p.166]]

            topic -'e' 5

            your -lIj 4

            your (noun capable of using language) -II' 4

            your (plural) -raj 4

            your (plural) (noun capable of using language) -ra' 4

            2. Pronominal prefixes

            he/she/it (no object) 0

            he/she/it--him/her/it/them 0

            he/she/it--me mu-

            he/she/it--us nu-

            he/she/it--you Du-

            he/she/it--you (plural) lI-

            I (no object) jI-

            I--him/her/it/them vI-

            I--you qa-

            I--you (plural) Sa-

            they (no object) 0

            they--him/her/it lu-

            they--me mu-

            they--them 0

            they--us nu-

            they--you nI-

            they--you (plural) lI-

            we (no object) ma-

            we--him/her/it wI-

            we--them DI-

            we--you pI-

            we--you (plural) re-

            you (no object) bI-

            you--him/her/it/them Da-

            you--me cho-you--us ju-

            you (plural) (no object) Su-

            you (plural)--him/her/it/them bo-

            you (plural)--me tu-

            you (plural)--us che-imperative: you (no object) yI-

            imperative: you--him/her/it yI-[[p.167]]

            imperative: you--me HI-

            imperative: you--them tI-

            imperative: you--us gho-imperative: you (plural) (no object) pe-

            imperative: you (plural)--him/her/it yI-

            imperative: you (plural)--me HI-

            imperative: you (plural)--them tI-

            imperative: you (plural)--us gho-3. Verb suffixes

            Numbers indicate suffix type; R stands for rover.

            able -laH 5

            accomplished -ta' 7

            afraid -vIp 2

            apparently -law' 6

            as soon as -DI' 9

            before -pa' g can -laH 5

            cause -moH 4

            certainly -bej 6

            change -choH 3

            clearly -chu' 6

            continuous -taH 7

            do again -qa' 3

            don't! -Qo' R

            done -ta' 7

            emphatic -qu' R

            for (purpose-clause marker) -meH 9

            honorific -neS 8

            if -chugh 9

            in progress -lI' 7

            indefinite subject -lu' 5

            interrogatlve -'a' 9

            need -nIS 2

            not -be' R

            one another -chuq 1

            one who is, one who does -wI' 9

            oneself -'egh 1

            perfective -pu' 7[[p.168]]

            perfectly -chu' 6

            prepared (referring to beings) -rup 2

            progress, in progress -lI' 7

            ready (referring to beings) -rup 2

            ready (referring to devices) -beH 2

            resume -qa' 3

            seems -law' 6

            set up (referring to devices) -beH 2

            thing which is, thing which does -wI' 9

            undo -Ha' R

            undoubtedly -bej 6

            when -DI' 9

            which (relative clause-marker) -bogh 9

            while -vIS 9

            willing -qang 2

            won't -Qo' R

            4. Special number suffixes

            ordinal numbers (<first, second,> etc.) -DIch

            <once, twice, three times,> etc. -logh[[p.169]]

APPENDIX

            A Selected List of Useful Klingon Expressions For those who want to make an attempt at speaking Klingon without reading the grammatical description of the language, a rough pronunciation for each expression is given as a guide.

            The letters can be read with their normal English values, with the followng special conventions:

            <a> as in <pa>

            <e> as in <pet>

            <i> as in <pit>

            <o> as in <go>

            <oo> as in <soon>

            <ow> as in <cow>

            <y> as in <cry (when used as a vowel)>

            <kh> as <ch> in German <Bach> or Scottish <loch>

            <gh> as a softer <kh,> with humming (or voicing) at the same time

            In words of more than one syllabe, stressed syllables are written in all capital letters.

            Those who follow the rough pronunciation without learning the proper Klingon pronunciation described in section 1

            of this dictionary should be aware that they will be speaking with a strong Terran accent.[[p.170]]

            ENGLISH KLINGON ROUGH

            PRONUNCIATION

            Yes. HIja' <or> HISlaH khi-JA <or> khish-LAKH

            No. ghobe' gho-BE

            I've done it! I've finished! pItlh pitl Well! Aha! toH tokh How did this happen? chay' chy What's going on?

            I don't understand. jIyajbe' ji-YAJ-be I don't care. jISaHbe' ji-SHAKH-be No problem! qay'be' ky-BE

            Do you speak Klingon? tlhIngan Hol Dajatlh'a' TLIngan khol Da-jatl-A

            I cannot speak Klingon. tlhIngan Hol vIjatlhlaHbe' TLIngan khol vi-JATL-lakh-BE

            Where is a good nuqDaq 'oH Qe' QaQ'e' NOOK-dak okh kkhe

            restaurant? KKHAKKH-e Where is the bathroom? nuqDaq 'oH puchpa''e' NOOK-dak okh pooch-PA-e

            How much fuel do we nIn 'ar wIghaj nin ar wi-GHAJ

            have left?

            I won't (do it)! Qo' kkho Feed him! yIje' yi-JE

            You are right. bIlugh bi-LOOGH

            You are wrong. bIlughbe' bi-loogh-BE

            Am I disturbing you? qaSuj'a' ka-shooj-A It's not my fault. pIch vIghajbe' pich vi-ghaj-BE

            My chronometer has tlhaqwIj chu'Ha'lu'pu' TLAK-wij stopped. choo-KHA-loo-poo

            The engine is overheating. tujqu'choH QuQ tooj-KOO-chokh

            kkhookkh

            Where can I get my shoes nuqDaq waqwIj NOOK-dak WAK-wij

            cleaned? vIlamHa'choHmoH vi-lam-KHA-chokh-mokh

            Will it hurt? 'oy''a' oy-A Beam me aboard. HIjol khi-JOL

            Activate the transport jol yIchu' jol yi-CHOO

            beam!

            Surrender or die! bIjeghbe'chugh vaj bi-jegh-BE-choogh vaj

            bIHegh bi-KHEGH

            We will meet in the tachDaq maghom TACH-dak maGHOM

            cocktail lounge.

            Your nose is shiny. boch ghIchraj boch GHICH-raj[[p.171]]

            Always trust your instincts. Duj tIvoqtaH dooj ti-VOK-takh

            There are Klingons naDev tlhInganpu' tu'lu' na-DEV

            tlingan-POO

            around here. TOO-loo Don't tell him/her! yIja'Qo' yi-ja-KKHO

            Come here! HIghoS khi-GHOSH

            Go to jail. bIghHa'Daq yIghoS bigh-KHA-dak yi-GHOSH

            Put him on screen. yIHotlh yi-KHOTL

            That is unfortunate. Do'Ha' do-KHA Understood. I understand. jIyaj ji-YAJ

            Success! Qapla' kkhap-LA You will be remembered batlh Daqawlu'taH batl da-KOW-loo-takh

            with honor.

            Animal! Ha'DIbaH KHA-di-bakh There's nothing naDev qaS wanI' ramqu' na-DEV kash wa-NI

            happening here. ram-KOO

            (Is that) understood? yaj'a' yaj-A Your ship is a garbage veQDuj 'oH DujlIj'e' vekkh-DOOJ

            okh

            scow. DOOJ-lij-E

            I have a headache. jIwuQ ji-WOOKKH

            Hurry up! tugh toogh Very good! Well done! majQa' maj-KKHA What do you want? nuqneH nook-NEKH

            (greeting)

            Okay. lu' <or> luq loo <or> look When will the water be ghorgh tujchoHpu' bIQ ghorgh TOOJ-chokh-poo

            hot? bikkh Is this seat taken? quSDaQ ba' lu''a' KOOSH-dak BA-loo-a[[quSDaQ ba' lu''a'=>quSDaq ba'lu''a']]

            I can't find my QumwI'wIj vItu'laHbe' kkhoom-WI-wij communicator. vi-TOO-lakh-BE

            This helmet suits you. Du'IHchoHmoH mIv vam doo-IKH-chokh-mohk [[mIv vam=>mIvvam]]

            MIV-vam

            You need a rest. bIleSnIS bi-LESH-nish Pay now! DaH yIDIl dakh yi-DIL

            Four thousand throats qaStaHvIS wa' ram loS KASH-takh-vish wa ram[[loS=>loSSaD]]

            may be cut in one night SaD Hugh SIjlaH losh shad khoogh[[SaD=>]]

            by a running man. qetbogh loD SHIJ-lakh KET-bogh

            lod

            Revenge is a dish which is bortaS bIr jablu'DI'reH bor-TAS bir JAB-loo-DI[[jablu'DI'reH=>jablu'DI' reH]]

            best served cold. QaQqu' nay' rekh kkhakkh-KOO ny

            How much do you want Dochvetlh DIlmeH Huch DOCH-vetl DIL-mekh

            for that? 'ar DaneH khooch ar da-NEKH[[p.172]]

            I'm lost. jIHtaHbogh naDev JIKH-takh-bogh na-DEV

            vISovbe' vi-shov-BE

            I can't eat that. Dochvetlh vISoplaHbe' DOCH-vetl vi-SHOP-lakh-BE

            I can't drink that. Dochvetlh vItlhutlhlaHbe' DOCH-vetl vi-TLOOTL-lakh-BE

            Go away! naDev vo' yIghoS na-dev-VO yi-GHOSH[[naDev vo'=>naDevvo']]

            What do I do with this? chay' Dochvam vIlo' chy DOCH-vam vi-LO

            (i.e., How do I use

            this?)

            What do I do with this? nuqDaq Dochvam vIlan NOOK-dak DOCH-vam

            (i.e., Where do I put vi-LAN

            this?)

            I've never seen him/her not vIleghpu' not vi-LEGH-poo

            before.

            I didn't do it. vIta'pu'be' vi-TA-poo-BE

            I wasn't there. pa' jIHpu'be' pa JIKH-poo-BE

            You look terrible. (i.e., You bIpIvHa'law' bi-piv-KHA-law

            seem unhealthy.)

            You look terrible. (i.e., bImoHqu' bi-mokh-KOO

            You're very ugly.)

            You lie. bInep bi-NEP

            Be quiet! (i.e., Become yItamchoH yi-TAM-chokh quiet!)

            Be quiet! (i.e., Don't yIjatlhQo' yi-jatl-KKHO

            speak!)

            Be quiet! (i.e., Stop bIjatlh 'e' yImev bi-JATL e yi-MEV

            speaking!)

            Where do I sleep? nuqDaq jIQong NOOK-dak ji-KKHONG

            Does it bite? chop'a' chop-A Will you read my ghItlh vIghItlhta'bogh ghitl vi-GHITL-ta-bogh

            manuscript? DalaD'a' da-lad-A Where do you keep the nuqDaq yuch Dapol NOOK-dak yooch

            chocolate? da-POL

            [[p.173]]

INTRODUCTION TO THE

ADDENDUM

            The original edition of this dictionary was never intended to contain a complete description of the Klingon language, but only an outline of some of its more important grammatical features and a representative sample of its vocabulary. Since its appearance, study of the language has continued and a great deal more has been learned. Unfortunately, due to a number of factors, including the recession currently affect-ing most of this sector as well as recent political changes, research funds have become more difficult to come by, delaying the completion of analysis of the language. Indeed, work has been stalled on a number of worthwhile projects, including the <Klingon Encyclopedia> and the <Romulan Chrestomathy.> Nevertheless, enough new information has been gleaned about Klingon that adding an addendum to the dictionary, even a brief one, seems beneficial.

            In this addendum, the section-numbering system used in the main body of the dictionary is employed so that cross references may be easily made.

            Once again, the author would like to thank the Federation Scientific Research Council for its support of this project, and, more importantly, would like to give credit to those who really make this effort possible: the increasing number of Klingons who are eager to share their language and culture with the rest of us. {taHjaj boq.}[[p.174]]

            3. NOUNS

            3.3.1. Type 1: Noun Suffixes: Augmentative/diminutive

            {-oy} <endearment>

            This is an infrequently used, but nonetheless very interesting noun suffix. It is a very peculiar suffix because it is the only suffix that begins with a vowel rather than a consonant.

            (Though there are no examples, it is suspected that for those few nouns which end in a vowel, {'} is inserted before this suffix.) The suffix usually follows a noun referring to a relative (<mother, father,> etc.), but it could also follow a noun for an animal, especially a pet, and means that the speaker is particularly fond of whatever the noun refers to. It is strongly suggested that non-native speakers of Klingon avoid this suffix unless they know what they are getting into.

            {vav} <father> {vavoy} <daddy>

            {be'nI'} <sister> {be'nI'oy} <sis>[[p.175]]

            4. VERBS

            4.2.6. Type 6: Verb Suffixes: Qualification

            {-ba'} <obviously>

            This suffix is used when the speaker thinks that his or her assertion should be obvious to the listener. Nevertheless, there is still room for doubt; the suffix does not imply as strong a conviction as {-bej} <certainly.>

            {nepwI' Daba'} <he/she is obviously lying> ({nepwI'} <liar,>

            {Da} <act in the manner of, behave as>) 4.2.9. Type 9: Verb Suffixes: Syntactic markers

            {-mo'} <because>

            This suffix is identical to the Type 5 noun suffix {-mo'} and has the same meaning, <due to, because of.>

            {bIganmo'} <because you are old> ({gan} <be old>)[[gan=>qan]]

            {Heghpu'mo' yaS} <because the officer died> ({Hegh} <die,>

            {yaS} <officer>)

            {-jaj} <may>

            This suffix is used to express a desire or wish on the part of the speaker that something take place in the future. When it[[p.176]]

            is used, there is never a Type 7 aspect suffix. {-jaj} is often translated with <may> or <let,> and it is particularly useful when placing a curse or making a toast.

            {jaghpu'lI' DaghIjjaj} <may you scare your enemies> ({jaghpu'lI'} <your enemies,> {ghIj} <scare>)

            {tlhonchaj chIljaj} <may they lose their nostrils> ({tlhonchaj} <their nostrils,> {chIl} <lose>)

            {-ghach} <nominalizer>

            In Klingon, there are many instances of nouns and verbs being identical in form (e.g., {ta'} <accomplishment, accomplish>). It is not known if all verbs can be used as nouns, but it is known that verbs ending in suffixes (such as {-Ha'} <undo> in

            {lobHa'} <disobey>) can never be nouns. The Type 9 suffix

            {-ghach,} however, can be attached to such verbs in order to form nouns. Compare the following sets:

            {lo'} <use> (noun) ({lo'} <use, make use of>)

            {lo'laHghach} <value> ({lo'laH} <be valuable>)

            {lo'laHbe'ghach} <worthlessness> ({lo'laHbe'} <be worthless>)

            {naD} <commendation> ({naD} <commend>)

            {naDHa'ghach} <discommendation>

            ({naDHa'} <discommend>)

            {naDqa'gha'ch} <re-commendation> ({naDqa'} <commend>[[gha'ch=> ghach]]

            <again>)[[p.177]]

            5. OTHER KINDS OF WORDS

            5.4. Adverbials

            The list of adverbials given in the original dictionary can be expanded by the addition of the following:

            {ghaytan} <likely>

            {jaS} <differently>

            {nIteb} <alone, acting alone, on one's own>

            {pe'vIl} <forcefully>

            {SIbI'} <immediately>

            The earlier belief that adverbials come only at the beginning of sentences turns out to be not quite accurate. For a more correct description, see Section 6.7.

            There is a second word (in addition to {neH} <only, merely>) which fits into this category despite its very peculiar behavior:

            {jay'} <intensely>

            This word not only intensifies whatever is being said, it turns the whole phrase into an invective. Alone among the adverbials, {jay'} always comes at the end of the sentence.

            {qaStaH nuq jay'} <What the #$*@ is happening?> ({qaStaH} <it is occurring,> {nuq} <what?>)

            [[p.178]]

            {mIch 'elpu' jay'} <They've entered the #$%@ sector!> ({mIch} <sector,> {'elpu'} <they've entered it>) 5.5 Exclamations[[5.5=>5.5.]]

            As it turns out, cursing is a one art among Klingons. There are many more curses than those three listed in the earlier edition of the dictionary. It is not always clear how to use the curses, but some are certainly epithetical (used for name-calling), while others seem to have a more general application. A few additional curses are listed below.

            <Epithets> <General invective>

            {petaQ} {va}

            {toDSaH} {ghay'cha'}

            {taHqeq} {baQa'}

            {yIntagh} {Hu'tegh}

            {Qovpatlh}

            The invective {va} is actually just a shortened form of

            {Qu'vatlh.} Note also that the adverbial {jay'} <intensely> is invective in force (Section 5.4.).[[p.179]]

            6. SYNTAX

            6.4. Questions

            Tag questions (ending a statement with a question such as

            ``right?'' or `ìsn't that so?'') are formed by using the verb {gar}

            [[gar=>qar]]

            <be accurate> plus the suffix {-'a'} <interrogative.> This word either follows the verb or else comes at the end of the sentence.

            Both of the following are correct:

            {De' Sov qar'a' HoD}

            {De' Sov HoD qar'a'} <The captain knows the>

            <information, right?> ({De'}

            <information,> {Sov} <he/she knows it,>

            {HoD} <captain>)

            6.7. Placement of adverbial elements

            It was earlier thought that all adverbials (except {neH} <only>) come at the beginning of the sentence. This is frequently the case, but what is really going on is that the adverbial precedes the object-verb-noun construction. It is possible for an element of another type to precede the adverb. Most commonly, this is a time element (a noun or phrase meaning

            <today, at six o'clock,> etc.).

            {DaHjaj nom Soppu'} <Today they ate quickly> ({DaHjaj}

            <today,> {nom} <quickly,> {Soppu'} <they>

            <ate>)[[p.180]]

            The adverbial may actually follow the object noun (but still precede the verb) when the object noun is topicalized by means of the noun suffix {-'e'} (see Section 3.3.5.).

            {HaqwI' 'e' DaH yISam} <Find the SURGEON now!>[[HaqwI' 'e'=> HaqwI''e']]

            ({HaqwI'} <surgeon,> {DaH} <now,>

            {yISam} <find him/her!>)

            6.8. Indirect objects

            While the object of the verb is the recipient of the action, the indirect object may be considered the beneficiary. In a Klingon sentence, the indirect object precedes the object and is suffixed with the Type 5 noun suffix {-vaD} <for, intended for.> The suffix may be attached to either a noun or a pronoun.

            {yaSvaD taj nobpu' qama'} <The prisoner gave the officer>

            <the knife> ({yaS} <officer,> {taj}

            <knife,> {nobpu'} <gave,> {qama'}

            <prisoner>)

            {chaHvaD Soj qem yaS} <The officer brings them food> ({chaH} <they,> {Soj} <food,> {qem}

            <bring,> {yaS} <officer>)[[p.181]]

            KLINGON-ENGLISH

            bagh

            tie (v)

            beQ

            be flat (v)

            betleH

            type of hand weapon (n)

            bIj

            punish (v)

            bIj

            punishment (n)

            bIreQtagh

            bregit lung (n)

            boQ

            aid, assistance (n)

            chab

            pie, tart, dumpling (n)

            chIl

            lose, misplace (v)

            chov

            assess, evaluate (v)

            cho'

            succession (n)

            cho'

            succeed (to authority) (v)

            chuS'ugh

            type of musical instrument (n)

            chu'wI'

            trigger (n)

            Da

            behave as, act in the manner of (v)

            DaHjaj

            today (n)

            Daj

            test inconclusively (v)

            Daq

            site, location (n)

            Dargh

            tea (n)

            Degh

            medal, emblem, symbol, insignia (n)

            DI

            litter, rubble, debris (n)

            DoD

            mark (in coordinates) (n)

            DungluQ

            noon (n)

            Duy'a'

            ambassador (n)

            ghaytan

            likely (adv)[[p.182]]

            ghew

            bug, cootie (n)

            ghe''or

            netherworld

            (where dishonored go) (n)

            ghoch

            track, track down (v)

            ghojmoq

            nurse, nanny, governess (n)

            ghuv

            recruit (n)

            Haqtaj

            scalpel (n)

            HaqwI'

            surgeon (n)

            Ha'DIbaH

            meat, animal (n)

            Hegh

            death (n)

            Hergh QaywI',

            hypo, pneumatic hypo (n)

            HerghwI'

            HIj

            deliver, transport goods (v)

            HoH

            killing (n)

            jaS

            differently (adv)

            jatlh

            say (v)

            jay'

            intensely (invective) (adv)

            ja'chuq

            succession ritual (ancient) (n)

            jech

            disguise, costume (n)

            jey

            itinerary (n)

            jIH

            monitor (v)

            jogh

            quadrant (n)

            juHqo'

            home world (n)

            lagh

            ensign (n)

            lagh

            take apart, disassemble (v)

            latlh

            additional one, other one (n)

            la'quv

            Supreme Commander (n)

            la''a'

            commandant (n)

            len

            recess, break (n)

            LeSSov

            foresight (n)[[LeSSov=>leSSov]]

            lIngwI'

            generator (n)

            lo'

            use (n)

            lupDujHom

            shuttlecraft (n)

            lurgh

            direction (spatial) (n)

            mangHom

            cadet (n)

            matlh

            be loyal (v)

            mej

            leave, depart (v)

            meqba'

            legal proceeding, type of (n)

            mIw

            procedure, process (n)

            morgh

            protest (v)

            mun

            intervene (v)[[p.183]]

            muvmoH

            recruit (v)

            muvtay

            initiation (n)

            nab

            plan, procedure (n)

            naD

            praise, commend, approve (v)

            naD

            commendation (n)

            naDHa'

            discommend, disapprove (v)

            naDHa'ghach

            discommendation (n)

            naH

            fruit, vegetable (n)

            naQ

            be full, whole, entire (v)

            naQ

            cain, staff (n)

            nargh

            escape (v)

            nejwI'

            probe (n)

            nenghep

            Age of Ascension (n)

            nentay

            Rite of Ascension (n)

            nImbuS wej

            Nimbus III (n)

            nIS

            disrupt, interfere with (v)

            nIteb

            alone, acting alone (adv)

            nItlhpach

            fingernail (n)

            noH

            war (n)

            notlh

            be obsolete (v)

            nuHmey

            arsenal (n)

            nuqjatlh

            what did you say?

            huh? what? (excl)

            ngeHbej

            cosmos (n)

            ngoch

            policy (n)

            pach

            claw (n)

            patlh

            rank (military, governmental) (n)

            peHghep

            Age of Inclusion (n)

            peQ

            magnetism (n)

            peQ chem

            magnetic field (n)

            pe'vIl

            forcefully, by force (adv)

            pIn'a'

            master (n)

            pIpyuS

            pipius (n)

            pIw

            odor (n)

            pop

            reward (n)

            potlh

            be important (v)

            qaD

            challenge (n)

            qaD

            challenge (v)

            qagh

            serpent worm (as food) (n)

            qaq

            be preferable (v)

            qar

            be accurate (v)[[p.184]]

            qawHaq

            data banks (singular) (n)

            qel

            consider, take into account (v)

            qIt

            be possible (v)

            qo'

            world, realm (n)

            qughDuj

            cruiser (n)

            qumwI'

            governor (n)

            qutluch

            type of hand weapon (n)

            quv

            honor (n)

            quv

            be honored (v)

            quvmoH

            honor (v)

            QaH

            help (n)

            Qang

            chancellor (n)

            QI'tomer

            Khitomer (n)

            QI'tu'

            Paradise (n)

            Qol

            beam away (v)

            Qo'

            no, I disagree (excl)

            Qo'noS

            Kronos (n)

            ra'ghomquv

            High Command (n)

            rI'

            hail (v)

            rI'Se'

            hailing frequency (n)

            ro'qegh'Iwchab

            rokeg blood pie (n)

            ruch

            proceed, go ahead, do it (v)

            rura' pente'

            Rura Penthe (n)

            ruStay

            bonding ritual (n)

            Sam

            locate, seek and find (v)

            sIbI'

            immediately (adv)[[sIbI'=>SIbI']]

            Sogh

            lieutenant (n)

            Soj

            food (n)

            SonchIy

            death ritual (for a leader) (n)

            Sov

            knowledge (n)

            SuD

            gamble, take a chance,

            take a risk (v)

            Sugh

            install (in office) (v)

            SuvwI'

            warrior (n)

            tagh

            lung (n)

            tagh

            begin a process, initiate (v)

            taH

            continue, go on, endure (v)

            targh

            targ (n)

            tay

            ceremony, rite, ritual (n)

            tob

            test conclusively, prove (v)

            toD

            rescue (n)[[p.185]]

            toDuj

            courage, bravery (n)

            toQDuj

            Bird of Prey (vessel) (n)

            totlh

            commodore (n)

            toy'wI''a'

            slave (n)

            tlham

            gravity (n)

            tlhIj

            apologize (v)

            tlhIlHal

            mine (n)

            tlhIngan Hubbeq

            Klingon Defense Force (n)

            tlhob

            request, ask, plead (v)

            tlho'

            appreciation, gratitude (n)

            tlho'

            thank (v)

            vaj

            warrior (n)

            van

            salute, tribute (n)

            van'a'

            award (n)

            vaq

            mock (v)

            vaS

            hall, assembly hall (n)

            vaS'a'

            Great Hall (n)

            veH tIn

            Great Barrier (n)

            veqlargh

            devil, demon, Fek'lhr (n)

            verengan

            Ferengi (n)

            veSDuj

            warship (n)

            vID

            be belligerent (v)

            vIH

            move, be in motion (v)

            vIt

            truth (n)

            vI'

            sharpshooting,

            marksmanship (n)

            weQ

            candle (n)

            woj

            radiation (n)

            woj choHwI'

            reactor (n)

            wuq

            decide upon (v)

            yagh

            organism (n)

            yaH

            be taken away (v)

            yejquv

            High Council (n)

            'aH

            paraphernalia (n)

            'aj

            admiral (n)

            'ech

            brigadier (n)

            'evnagh

            subspace (n)

            'oD

            arbitrate, mediate (v)

            'otlh

            photon (n)

            'oy'naQ

            painstick (n)[[p.186]]

            ENGLISH-KLINGON

            accurate, be accurate (v)

            qar

            act in the manner of, behave as (v)

            Da

            additional one, other one (n)

            latlh

            admiral (n)

            'aj

            Age of Ascension (n)

            nenghep

            Age of Inclusion (n)

            peHghep

            aid, assistance (n)

            boQ

            alone, acting alone (adv)

            nIteb

            ambassador (n)

            Duy'a'

            apologize (v)

            tlhIj

            appreciation, gratitude (n)

            tlho'

            approve, commend, praise (v)

            naD

            arbitrate, mediate (v)

            'oD

            arsenal (n)

            nuHmey

            assess, evaluate (v)

            chov

            award (n)

            van'a'

            beam away (v)

            Qol

            begin a process, initiate (v)

            tagh

            behave as, act in the manner of (v)

            Da

            belligerent, be belligerent (v)

            vID

            Bird of Prey (vessel) (n)

            toQDuj

            bonding ritual (n)

            ruStay

            break, recess (n)

            len

            bregit lung (n)

            bIreQtagh

            brigadier (n)

            'ech[[p.187]]

            bug, cootie (n)

            ghew

            cadet (n)

            mangHom

            cain, staff (n)

            naQ

            candle (n)

            weQ

            ceremony, rite, ritual (n)

            tay

            challenge (v)

            qaD

            challenge (n)

            qaD

            chance, take a chance, gamble (v)

            SuD

            chancellor (n)

            Qang

            claw (n)

            pach

            commandant (n)

            la''a'

            commend, approve, praise (v)

            naD

            commendation (n)

            naD

            commodore (n)

            totlh

            complete, be complete, whole (v)

            naQ

            consider, take into account (v)

            qel

            continue, go on, endure (v)

            taH

            cosmos (n)

            ngeHbej

            costume, disguise (n)

            jech

            courage, bravery (n)

            toDuj

            cruiser (n)

            qughDuj

            data banks (singular) (n)

            qawHaq

            death (n)

            Hegh

            death ritual (for a leader) (n)

            SonchIy

            debris, litter, rubble (n)

            DI

            decide upon (v)

            wuq

            deliver, transport goods (v)

            HIj

            devil, demon, Fek'lhr (n)

            veqlargh

            differently (adv)

            jaS

            direction (spatial) (n)

            lurgh

            disassemble, take apart (v)

            lagh

            discommend, disapprove (v)

            naDHa'

            discommendation (n)

            naDHa'ghach

            disguise, costume (n)

            jech

            disrupt, interfere with (v)

            nIS

            emblem, symbol,

            Degh

            medal, insignia (n)

            endure, continue, go on (v)

            taH

            ensign (n)

            lagh

            escape (v)

            nargh

            evaluate, assess (v)

            chov[[p.188]]

            Ferengi (n)

            verengan

            fingernail (n)

            nItlhpach

            flat, be flat (v)

            beQ

            food (n)

            Soj

            forcefully, by force (adv)

            pe'vIl

            foresight (n)

            leSSov

            fruit, vegetable (n)

            naH

            full, be full, whole, entire (v)

            naQ

            gamble, take a chance,

            SuD

            take a risk (v)

            generator (n)

            lIngwI'

            governess, nurse, nanny (n)

            ghojmoq

            governor (n)

            qumwI'

            gratitude, appreciation (n)

            tlho'

            gravity (n)

            tlham

            Great Hall (n)

            vaS'a'

            Great Barrier (n)

            veH tIn

            hail (v)

            rI'

            hailing frequency (n)

            rI'Se'

            hall, assembly hall (n)

            vaS

            help (n)

            QaH

            High Council (n)

            yejquv

            High Command (n)

            ra'ghomquv

            home world (n)

            juHqo'

            honor (n)

            quv

            honor (v)

            quvmoH

            honored, be honored (v)

            quv

            hypo, pneumatic

            Hergh QaywI',

            hypo (n)

            HerghwI'

            immediately (adv)

            sIbI'[[sIbI'=>SIbI']]

            important, be important (v)

            potlh

            initiate proceedings,

            tagh

            begin process (v)

            initiation (n)

            muvtay

            install (in office) (v)

            Sugh

            intensely (invective) (adv)

            jay'

            interfere with, disrupt (v)

            nIS

            intervene (v)

            mun

            itinerary (n)

            jey

            Khitomer (n)

            QI'tomer

            killing (n)

            HoH[[p.189]]

            Klingon Defense Force (n)

            tlhIngan Hubbeq

            knowledge (n)

            Sov

            Kronos (n)

            Qo'noS

            leave, depart (v)

            mej

            legal proceeding, type of (n)

            meqba'

            lieutenant (n)

            Sogh

            likely (adv)

            ghaytan

            litter, rubble, debris (n)

            DI

            locate, seek and find (v)

            Sam

            location, site (n)

            Daq

            lose, misplace (v)

            chIl

            loyal, be loyal (v)

            matlh

            lung (n)

            tagh

            magnetic field (n)

            peQ chem

            magnetism (n)

            peQ

            mark (in coordinates) (n)

            DoD

            marksmanship,

            vI'

            sharpshooting (n)

            master (n)

            pIn'a'

            meat, animal (n)

            Ha'DIbaH

            medal, emblem,

            Degh

            symbol, insignia (n)

            mediate, arbitrate (v)

            'oD

            mine (n)

            tlhIlHal

            mock (v)

            vaq

            monitor (v)

            jIH

            move, be in motion (v)

            vIH

            musical instrument, type of (n)

            chuS'ugh

            netherworld

            ghe''or

            (where dishonored go) (n)

            Nimbus III (n)

            nImbuS wej

            no, I disagree (excl)

            Qo'

            noon (n)

            DungluQ

            nurse, nanny, governess (n)

            ghojmoq

            obsolete, be obsolete (v)

            notlh

            odor (n)

            pIw

            organism (n)

            yagh

            other one, additional one (n)

            latlh

            painstick (n)

            'oy'naQ

            Paradise (n)

            QI'tu'

            paraphernalia (n)

            'aH[[p.190]]

            photon (n)

            'otlh

            pie, tart, dumpling (n)

            chab

            pipius (n)

            pIpyuS

            plan, procedure (n)

            nab

            policy (n)

            ngoch

            possible, be possible (v)

            qIt

            praise, commend, approve (v)

            naD

            preferable, be preferable (v)

            qaq

            probe (n)

            nejwI'

            procedure, process (n)

            mIw

            proceed, go ahead, do it (v)

            ruch

            protest (v)

            morgh

            punish (v)

            bIj

            punishment (n)

            bIj

            quadrant (n)

            jogh

            radiation (n)

            woj

            rank (military, governmental) (n)

            patlh

            reactor (n)

            woj choHwI'

            realm, world (n)

            qo'

            recess, break (n)

            len

            recruit (n)

            ghuv

            recruit (v)

            muvmoH

            request, ask, plead (v)

            tlhob

            rescue (n)

            toD

            reward (n)

            pop

            risk, take a risk, take a chance (v)

            SuD

            rite, ritual, ceremony (n)

            tay

            Rite of Ascension (n)

            nentay

            rokeg blood pie (n)

            ro'qegh'Iwchab

            Rura Penthe (n)

            rura' pente'

            salute, tribute (n)

            van

            say (v)

            jatlh

            scalpel (n)

            Haqtaj

            seek and find, locate (v)

            Sam

            serpent worm (as food) (n)

            qagh

            sharpshooting, marksmanship (n)

            vI'

            shuttlecraft (n)

            lupDujHom

            site, location (n)

            Daq

            slave (n)

            toy'wI''a'

            subspace (n)

            'evnagh

            succeed (to authority) (v)

            cho'[[p.191]]

            succession (n)

            cho'

            succession ritual (ancient) (n)

            ja'chuq

            Supreme Commander (n)

            la'quv

            surgeon (n)

            HaqwI'

            take apart, disassemble (v)

            lagh

            taken away, be taken away (v)

            yaH

            targ (n)

            targh

            tart, pie, dumpling (n)

            chab

            tea (n)

            Dargh

            test conclusively, prove (v)

            tob

            test inconclusively (v)

            Daj

            thank (v)

            tlho'

            tie (v)

            bagh

            today (n)

            DaHjaj

            track, track down (v)

            ghoch

            traitor (n)

            'urwI'

            transport goods, deliver (v)

            HIj

            treason, commit treason (v)

            'ur

            tribute, salute (n)

            van

            trigger (n)

            chu'wI'

            truth (n)

            vIt

            use (n)

            lo'

            vegetable, fruit (n)

            naH

            war (n)

            noH

            warrior (n)

            SuvwI', vaj

            warship (n)

            veSDuj

            weapon:

            qutluch, betleH

            types of hand weapons (n)

            what did you say?

            nuqjatlh

            huh? what? (excl)

            whole, be whole, full, entire (v)

            naQ

            world, realm (n)

            qo'[[p.192]]

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            [[back cover]]

            THE

            KLINGON

            DICTIONARY

            Finally, a comprehensive sourcebook for Klingon language and syntax! The only one of its kind, this dictionary includes fundamental grammar rules, words, and expressions that illustrate the nature of the complex Klingon culture, as well as: o A precise pronunciation guide

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            o Proper use of affixes and suffixes[[affixes=>prefixes]]

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            [[eof]]